Skip to content
mannafest.faith
Read
Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, Valentin de Boulogne, about 1618 to 1620, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

New Testament · Book 45 of 66

Romans

Romans is Paul's letter to the church in Rome, setting out the gospel in order. It shows that all have sinned, that God makes people right with him through faith in Christ, and how believers should live.

Start Reading

Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, Valentin de Boulogne, about 1618 to 1620, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Public domain.

Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, Valentin de Boulogne, about 1618 to 1620, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, Valentin de Boulogne, about 1618 to 1620, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Public domain.

What is Romans about?

Romans is a letter Paul wrote to the believers in Rome before he had visited them. He opens with the gospel, which he calls “the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes” (1:16). He shows that Gentile and Jew alike stand guilty before God, and that God gives his righteousness as a gift through faith in Christ, as he did to Abraham. He then shows the new life of the Spirit, answers whether God's word to Israel has failed, and turns to how a church lives. It ends with his plans to visit Rome on the way to Spain and his greetings.

All 16 chapters

Every chapter of the book, in one grid. Each cell opens that chapter.

  • The gospel and the wrathChapters 1 to 3
  • Righteousness by faithChapters 4 to 5
  • Freed from sin, death and the lawChapters 6 to 8
  • Israel and the mercy of GodChapters 9 to 11
  • The living sacrificeChapters 12 to 14
  • Paul's plans and greetingsChapters 15 to 16

The colour is the movement of the letter the chapter stands in, and every cell opens that chapter's Study level. Two movements begin inside a chapter, in chapters 3 and 15, and each chapter takes the colour of the movement that holds most of its verses.

1Not ashamed2God's just judgment3None righteous4Abraham believed5Peace with God6Dead to sin7The law and I8Life by the Spirit9Children of promise10The word near11The olive tree12Living sacrifices13Authorities and love14The weak15Hope for the nations16Phoebe and greetings

Who wrote it, where, when, for whom, and why?

The letter names its writer in its first word, Paul, called to be an apostle (1:1), and his scribe near its end: Tertius wrote it down (16:22). Paul calls himself an Israelite of the tribe of Benjamin (11:1) and the apostle to the Gentiles (11:13). Peter names Paul's letters beside the other Scriptures (2 Peter 3:15 to 16).

Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God—

Romans 1:1, Berean Standard Bible.

Paul writes while he is about to carry a gift from Macedonia and Achaia to Jerusalem (15:25 to 26). He commends Phoebe of the church at Cenchrea, the port of Corinth, who carries the letter (16:1 to 2), and sends greetings from Gaius his host and Erastus the city treasurer (16:23). Acts tells of three months Paul spent in Greece before that journey (Acts 20:2 to 3).

The letter stands at the close of Paul's work in the east: he has preached from Jerusalem to Illyricum (15:19) and says his work in those regions is done (15:23). By the text's own order it comes after the collection was gathered and before Paul reached Jerusalem, where Acts records his arrest (Acts 21:33).

It is written to all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints (1:7), a church whose faith is spoken of in all the world (1:8). Paul speaks to Gentiles among them (11:13) and to those who know the law (7:1), and greets a house church that meets with Prisca and Aquila (16:5).

Paul says he has long wanted to come to Rome to impart a spiritual gift and to preach the gospel there (1:11 and 15). He writes to prepare his visit on the way to Spain and to be sent on by them (15:24), to ask their prayers for the journey to Jerusalem (15:30 to 31), and to set out the gospel he preaches in full.

Sources. Romans 1:1, 1:7 to 8, 1:11, 1:15, 7:1, 11:1, 11:13, 15:19, 15:23 to 26, 15:30 to 31, 16:1 to 2, 16:5, 16:22 to 23; Acts 20:2 to 3, 21:33; 2 Peter 3:15 to 16. Every verse is read in the Berean Standard Bible.

How is Romans arranged, and what is it for?

The six movements the letter falls into, then what it teaches and what it was written to do.

  1. The gospel and the wrath1:1 to 3:20, 81 verses, the turn at 1:17

    Paul greets Rome, names the gospel as God's power, and shows Gentile and Jew alike under sin.

  2. Righteousness by faith3:21 to 5:21, 57 verses, the turn at 3:21

    God's righteousness given through faith in Christ, proved in Abraham, ending in peace with God.

  3. Freed from sin, death and the law6 to 8, 87 verses, the turn at 8:1

    Baptized into Christ's death, released from the law, and given life by the Spirit.

  4. Israel and the mercy of God9 to 11, 90 verses, the turn at 11:32

    Whether God's word to Israel has failed, answered from election, the word of faith and the olive tree.

  5. The living sacrifice12:1 to 15:13, 71 verses, the turn at 12:1

    The life that answers God's mercy: the renewed mind, love, the authorities, the weak and the strong.

  6. Paul's plans and greetings15:14 to 16:27, 46 verses, the turn at 15:24

    Paul's priestly work among the nations, his road to Jerusalem and Spain, and the greetings.

The theme

God's righteousness, revealed in the gospel, is given to everyone who believes, Jew and Gentile alike. The letter first shows why every person needs it, then how God gives it through the death of Christ and counts it to faith, then what life it brings through the Spirit. It then shows that God's promise to Israel has not failed, and ends with the worship of a life offered back to him.

The purpose

Paul wrote to a church he had often planned to visit (1:13), to prepare his visit and to win its help for the mission to Spain. He sets out his gospel so that Jewish and Gentile believers in Rome would receive one another as Christ received them (15:7), and he closes by giving glory to the God who makes the mystery known to all nations.

The letter climbs by six hinge sentences

  1. Step 1, The gospel and the wrathRomans 1:16 to 17

    “the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes”

    The thesis: the gospel reveals God's righteousness by faith.

  2. Step 2, Righteousness by faithRomans 3:21

    “But now, apart from the law, the righteousness of God has been revealed”

    After the charge against all, the turn to the gift.

  3. Step 3, Righteousness by faithRomans 5:1

    “since we have been justified through faith, we have peace with God”

    What justification brings: peace with God and hope.

  4. Step 4, Freed from sin, death and the lawRomans 8:1

    “there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus”

    The answer to the cry of 7:24: life in the Spirit.

  5. Step 5, Israel and the mercy of GodRomans 11:32

    “so that He may have mercy on everyone”

    The end of the argument over Israel: mercy on all.

  6. Step 6, The living sacrificeRomans 12:1

    “to offer your bodies as living sacrifices”

    The turn from what God has done to how his people live.

Each step is a sentence the argument turns on, and each movement of the letter stands on its step: the thesis, the turn from the charge to the gift, the peace that follows, the end of condemnation, mercy on all, and the life offered back. Charles Hodge in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans divides the letter into its teaching, chapters 1 to 11, and its practice from chapter 12; the six steps are this page's reading of the order within that division. Sources: Romans 1:16, 3:21, 5:1, 8:1, 11:32 and 12:1 in the Berean Standard Bible.

The gospel and the wrath, Romans 1:1 to 3:20

What chapters 1 to 3 say, and the pages they open on.

Paul greets the church, gives thanks for its faith and names his debt to Greeks and non-Greeks alike. He states his theme: the gospel reveals God's righteousness by faith (1:16 to 17). Then he turns to God's wrath against people who knew God and did not honour him, and who were given over to what they chose. The one who judges others does the same things, and the Jew who has the law and breaks it stands with the Gentile. The Jew's advantage is real, for Israel was given the words of God, yet a chain of Scripture shows that no one is righteous and every mouth is silenced (3:19).

For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”
Romans 1:17, Berean Standard Bible. The thesis of the letter, with the verse from Habakkuk it rests on.
  • Romans 1the gospel of God's power, and the wrath on the ungodlyShow summary, 5 pages

    Paul greets the Roman saints and unveils his theme: the gospel is the power of God for salvation for Jew first and also Greek. Humanity's descent is traced. The truth suppressed, the Creator exchanged for images, God giving men over to the passions they chose. The wrath of God is revealed against all ungodliness. Henry reads the chapter as a moral charge-sheet; Calvin marks that even the heathen are without excuse because the knowledge of God was given them. The courtroom is set; the gospel's necessity is proven.

    On this chapter (5)

    Read Romans 1 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 2judgment by truth, the law and the heartShow summary, 1 page

    The self-righteous moralist standing in judgment on others is exposed standing under the same judgment. God's judgment is according to truth, according to deeds, without partiality. Paul then addresses the Jew. To whom the law is given. And argues that circumcision without obedience is no better than uncircumcision with it. The true Jew is inward; circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit. JFB notes the rhetorical turn: privilege unaccompanied by obedience heightens guilt. The letter accuses; only the doer is justified before God.

    On this chapter (1)

    • Romans 2:11

      The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.

    Read Romans 2 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 3the Jew's advantage, none righteous, and the turn to the giftShow summary, 4 pages

    What advantage, then, has the Jew? Much every way. Chiefly, the oracles of God. Yet every mouth is stopped. Paul catalogues the Psalms and Prophets to show Jew and Greek alike under sin. Then the pivot: a righteousness of God manifested apart from the law, witnessed by the law and prophets, by faith in Jesus Christ. Boasting is excluded, not by the law of works but by the law of faith. Calvin marks this as the heart of the letter. Justification by faith, impartial to the two peoples.

    On this chapter (4)

    Read Romans 3 verse by verse

    Study

The charge of 3:10 to 18 is built from the Psalms and Isaiah

  1. Romans 3:10As it is written: “There is no one righteous, not even one.
    Psalm 14:1The fool says in his heart, “There is no God.” They are corrupt; their acts are vile. There is no one who does good.
  2. Romans 3:13“Their throats are open graves; their tongues practice deceit.” “The venom of vipers is on their lips.”
    Psalm 5:9For not a word they speak can be trusted; destruction lies within them. Their throats are open graves; their tongues practice deceit.
  3. Romans 3:13the same verse, second source
    Psalm 140:3They sharpen their tongues like snakes; the venom of vipers is on their lips. Selah
  4. Romans 3:14“Their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness.”
    Psalm 10:7His mouth is full of cursing, deceit, and violence; trouble and malice are under his tongue.
  5. Romans 3:15“Their feet are swift to shed blood;
    Isaiah 59:7Their feet run to evil; they are swift to shed innocent blood. Their thoughts are sinful thoughts; ruin and destruction lie in their wake.
  6. Romans 3:18“There is no fear of God before their eyes.”
    Psalm 36:1An oracle is in my heart regarding the transgression of the wicked man: There is no fear of God before his eyes.
Each row sets a verse of Romans beside the passage the store marks as its source, every row a quotation. Paul's verdict that no one is righteous is spoken in the words of the Psalms and of Isaiah, so the charge against every mouth is Scripture's own. Sources: Romans 3:10 to 18; Psalms 5:9, 10:7, 14:1, 36:1 and 140:3; Isaiah 59:7; the store's floor_quotations rows, all in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (2)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • Paul

    Called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God.

  • David

    The Son is descended from David according to the flesh (1:3).

Places (1)

Where the chapters stand.

  • Rome

    The church Paul has longed to visit (1:15).

Themes (2)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

  • The Romans Road

    Verses of Romans used to explain the gospel.

  • Faith

    Faith from start to finish, the ground of the letter.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (9)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 1:17 at Habakkuk 2:4. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 2:24 at Isaiah 52:5. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:4 at Psalm 51:4. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:10 at Psalm 14:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:13 at Psalm 5:9. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:13 at Psalm 140:3. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:14 at Psalm 10:7. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:15 at Isaiah 59:7. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 3:18 at Psalm 36:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 1:17 with Galatians 3:11; Romans 1:1 with Acts 20:24, the store's cross references with the most votes.

Righteousness by faith, Romans 3:21 to 5:21

What chapters 4 to 5 say, and the pages they open on.

But now God's righteousness has been revealed apart from the law through faith in Christ, for all who believe. God presented Christ as the atoning sacrifice in his blood, so that he is just and justifies the one who has faith in Jesus. Boasting is excluded. Abraham believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness before he was circumcised, so he is the father of all who believe. Justified by faith, believers have peace with God and a hope that suffering does not shame. Adam brought sin and death to all, and Christ, the one man, brings the gift of righteousness and life.

But now, apart from the law, the righteousness of God has been revealed, as attested by the Law and the Prophets.
Romans 3:21, Berean Standard Bible. The two words But now turn the letter from the charge to the gift.
  • Romans 4Abraham counted righteous by faith, David's blessingShow summary, 2 pages

    Abraham justified by faith. Before circumcision, therefore father of believing Gentiles too. David's blessedness (Ps 32) echoes the same gospel. Paul argues by chronology: righteousness was imputed before the covenant sign. The promise therefore flows by faith, that it might be by grace, and sure to all the seed. Abraham believed against hope, giving glory to God; his faith is a pattern for every Christian. Matthew Henry reads the chapter as the great Scriptural argument for justification by faith, anchored in a single test-case believer.

    On this chapter (2)

    Read Romans 4 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 5peace with God, and Adam and ChristShow summary, 3 pages

    Being justified by faith, we have peace with God. Tribulation worketh patience; God commends his love in that while yet sinners Christ died for us. The two-Adam comparison unfolds: one man's disobedience brought death upon all; one man's obedience brings righteousness and life to many. The law entered to enlarge the reckoning of sin. Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Wesley stresses the breadth of the benefit. As broad as Adam's curse, so broad is Christ's remedy, for all who receive him.

    On this chapter (3)

    Read Romans 5 verse by verse

    Study

Adam and Christ, the one man and the one man

In each row the first line is through adam and the second through christ.

  1. “sin entered the world through one man” (5:12)

    “the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ” (5:15)

  2. “the many died by the trespass of the one man” (5:15)

    “God’s grace and the gift” (5:15)

  3. “The judgment that followed one sin brought condemnation” (5:16)

    “the gift that followed many trespasses brought justification” (5:16)

  4. “death reigned through that one man” (5:17)

    “reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ” (5:17)

  5. “through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners” (5:19)

    “through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous” (5:19)

  6. “sin reigned in death” (5:21)

    “grace might reign through righteousness to bring eternal life” (5:21)

Each row sets what came through Adam beside what comes through Christ, in the words of 5:12 to 21. The two stand in the same place in the sentence, and the gift answers the trespass row for row: condemnation with justification, death reigning with reigning in life, disobedience with obedience. Sources: Romans 5:12 to 21 in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (3)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • Abraham

    He believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness (4:3).

  • Adam

    Sin entered the world through him, a pattern of the One to come (5:14).

  • Moses

    Death reigned from Adam until Moses (5:14).

Themes (3)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (4)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 4:3 at Genesis 15:6. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 4:7 at Psalm 32:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 4:17 at Genesis 17:5. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 4:18 at Genesis 15:5. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 5:5 with Galatians 4:6; Romans 5:1 with Acts 13:38 to 39, the store's cross references with the most votes.

Freed from sin, death and the law, Romans 6 to 8

What chapters 6 to 8 say, and the pages they open on.

Should believers go on sinning so that grace may increase? Paul answers that they were baptized into Christ's death and raised to walk in new life, and are now slaves of righteousness. A woman is released from the law of her husband by his death, and believers have died to the law through the body of Christ. The law is holy, yet sin used it to bring death, and the chapter ends with the cry of a wretched man (7:24). Chapter 8 opens with no condemnation for those who are in Christ. The Spirit gives life, makes them children and heirs, helps them in weakness, and nothing can separate them from God's love.

Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.
Romans 8:1, Berean Standard Bible. The answer to the cry of chapter 7 and the opening of the life of the Spirit.
  • Romans 6baptized into his death, slaves of righteousnessShow summary, 2 pages

    Shall we continue in sin that grace may abound? God forbid. The believer has died with Christ in baptism and is raised to walk in newness of life. Sin shall not have dominion over you, for you are not under the law but under grace. Paul commands: yield your members as servants of righteousness. The wages of sin is death; the gift of God, eternal life. Calvin calls this chapter the answer to every antinomian misreading of justification. Union with Christ ends sin's reign.

    On this chapter (2)

    • The Romans Road

      Verses of Romans used to explain the gospel.

    • Romans 6:23

      The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.

    Read Romans 6 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 7released from the law, and the wretched manShow summary, 3 pages

    The law has dominion over a man as long as he liveth; believers are dead to the law through the body of Christ, that they should be married to another. Paul then paints the awakened conscience under law: what I would, I do not; what I would not, that I do. O wretched man! Who shall deliver me? I thank God through Jesus Christ our Lord. Henry shows the chapter preparing chapter 8's deliverance; Calvin sees in it the believer's continuing humbling under inward sin's pull.

    On this chapter (3)

    Read Romans 7 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 8no condemnation, the Spirit, and no separationShow summary, 2 pages

    No condemnation to them that are in Christ Jesus. The law of the Spirit of life has freed them from the law of sin and death. Children of God by adoption; the Spirit bears witness with our spirit. All things work together for good to them that love God. Creation groans; the Spirit intercedes. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Neither life nor death, height nor depth, shall separate us. Calvin marks this as a chapter to be written on every heart. The believer's charter.

    On this chapter (2)

    Read Romans 8 verse by verse

    Study

The I of chapter 7 beside the Spirit of chapter 8

In each row the first line is the i of chapter 7 and the second the spirit of chapter 8.

  1. “I am unspiritual, sold as a slave to sin” (7:14)

    “the law of the Spirit of life set you free from the law of sin and death” (8:2)

  2. “what I want to do, I do not do” (7:15)

    “the righteous standard of the law might be fulfilled in us” (8:4)

  3. “it is sin living in me that does it” (7:17)

    “the Spirit of God lives in you” (8:9)

  4. “warring against the law of my mind” (7:23)

    “the mind of the Spirit is life and peace” (8:6)

  5. “Who will rescue me from this body of death?” (7:24)

    “will also give life to your mortal bodies” (8:11)

  6. “What a wretched man I am!” (7:24)

    “we are God’s children” (8:16)

Each row sets a defeat the I names in 7:14 to 24 beside the answer chapter 8 gives through the Spirit: the law, the deed, what lives within, the mind, the body and the standing before God. Who the I is stands under Where do readers disagree; on every reading, the answer to each row is the Spirit. Sources: Romans 7:14 to 24 and 8:2 to 16 in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (1)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • The Spirit

    The Spirit of life who sets free, testifies and intercedes (8:2, 8:16, 8:26).

Themes (3)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (1)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 8:36 at Psalm 44:22. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 8:1 with Galatians 3:13; Romans 8:18 with Acts 20:24, the store's cross references with the most votes.

Israel and the mercy of God, Romans 9 to 11

What chapters 9 to 11 say, and the pages they open on.

Paul grieves for Israel, to whom belong the adoption, the covenants and the promises, and from whom comes the Christ (9:4 to 5). Not all descended from Israel are Israel: the children of the promise are counted, as with Isaac and Jacob, and God has mercy on whom he will. Israel pursued righteousness by works and stumbled over the stone, while the word of faith is near, and everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. God has not rejected his people; a remnant stands, as in Elijah's day. Branches of the olive tree were broken off and wild ones grafted in, and the natural branches can be grafted back. All Israel will be saved, and Paul ends in praise of God's wisdom.

For God has consigned everyone to disobedience so that He may have mercy on everyone.
Romans 11:32, Berean Standard Bible. The last step of the argument over Israel: God's mercy on all.
  • Romans 9Paul's grief, the children of promise, the potterShow summary, 4 pages

    Paul's heart's grief for his kinsmen according to the flesh, for whom he could wish himself accursed. Not all Israel are of Israel; the promise flows through election. Potter and clay; vessels of mercy and of wrath. Gentiles have attained; Israel has stumbled at the stone appointed. JFB reads the chapter theologically, tracing sovereign mercy without demeaning Israel's privileges. The chapter names a mystery without collapsing it. God's purposive election without injustice to any.

    On this chapter (4)

    Read Romans 9 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 10the righteousness of faith and the word nearShow summary, 3 pages

    Paul's desire is their salvation. Israel has a zeal, but not according to knowledge; seeking to establish their own, they submitted not to God's. Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes. Confess with the mouth, believe in the heart. You will be saved. Faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. Isaiah's lament: Lord, who has believed our report? Wesley stresses the open door. Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.

    On this chapter (3)

    Read Romans 10 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 11the remnant, the olive tree, all Israel savedShow summary, 4 pages

    Has God cast away his people? God forbid. Paul himself is an Israelite. A remnant according to the election of grace is preserved. The olive tree's natural branches have been broken off for unbelief; Gentile branches have been grafted in by faith. Israel's hardening is in part, until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in. And so all Israel shall be saved. Henry marks the doxology: O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God. Unsearchable his judgments, past finding out his ways.

    On this chapter (4)

    Read Romans 11 verse by verse

    Study

The olive tree: broken off, grafted in, grafted back

The olive tree of Romans 11A tree on its root with five numbered parts: 1, The root, Romans 11:16; 2, Natural branches broken off, Romans 11:20; 3, Wild branches grafted in, Romans 11:17; 4, The root supports, Romans 11:18; 5, Natural branches grafted back, Romans 11:24.12345

The parts (5)

  1. 1The root11:16“if the root is holy, so are the branches”
  2. 2Natural branches broken off11:20“They were broken off because of unbelief”
  3. 3Wild branches grafted in11:17“you, a wild olive shoot, have been grafted in among the others”
  4. 4The root supports11:18“You do not support the root, but the root supports you”
  5. 5Natural branches grafted back11:24“the natural branches, be grafted into their own olive tree”

Green is the cultivated tree and its natural branches; yellow is the wild shoots; a dashed branch is broken off.

The root holds the whole tree. Natural branches are broken off through unbelief, wild shoots are grafted in and stand by faith, and the natural branches can be grafted into their own tree again. Paul draws the figure to warn the Gentile believer against boasting and to show that God is able to graft Israel in again. Sources: Romans 11:16 to 24 in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (4)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • Isaac and Jacob

    The children of the promise, and Jacob chosen before birth (9:7 to 13).

  • Pharaoh

    Raised up so that God's name might be proclaimed (9:17).

  • Isaiah

    Quoted for the remnant and the stumbling stone (9:27, 9:33).

  • Elijah

    Who thought he alone was left, and the seven thousand (11:2 to 4).

Places (1)

Where the chapters stand.

  • Zion

    The stone laid there, and the Deliverer who will come from it (9:33, 11:26).

Themes (4)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (27)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:7 at Genesis 21:12. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:9 at Genesis 18:10. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:12 at Genesis 25:23. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:13 at Malachi 1:2. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:15 at Exodus 33:19. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:17 at Exodus 9:16. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:25 at Hosea 2:23. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:26 at Hosea 1:10. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:27 at Isaiah 10:22. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:29 at Isaiah 1:9. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 9:33 at Isaiah 28:16. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:5 at Leviticus 18:5. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:6 at Deuteronomy 30:12. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:11 at Isaiah 28:16. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:13 at Joel 2:32. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:15 at Isaiah 52:7. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:16 at Isaiah 53:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:18 at Psalm 19:4. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:19 at Deuteronomy 32:21. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:20 at Isaiah 65:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 10:21 at Isaiah 65:2. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:3 at 1 Kings 19:10. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:4 at 1 Kings 19:18. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:8 at Isaiah 29:10. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:9 at Psalm 69:22. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:26 at Isaiah 59:20. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 11:34 at Isaiah 40:13. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 10:17 with Galatians 3:2; Romans 9:5 with Acts 20:28, the store's cross references with the most votes.

The living sacrifice, Romans 12:1 to 15:13

What chapters 12 to 14 say, and the pages they open on.

In view of God's mercy, believers are to offer their bodies as living sacrifices and be transformed by the renewing of their minds. They are one body with different gifts, and their love is to be sincere, blessing those who persecute and overcoming evil with good. Everyone is to submit to the governing authorities, pay what is owed, and owe no debt but love, which fulfils the law. The night is nearly over, so they are to put on the Lord Jesus Christ. The strong are not to despise the weak over food and days, and each is to welcome the other as Christ welcomed them, so that the Gentiles glorify God for his mercy.

Therefore I urge you, brothers, on account of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God, which is your spiritual service of worship.
Romans 12:1, Berean Standard Bible. The therefore that turns the letter from what God has done to how his people live.
  • Romans 12the renewed mind, the gifts and sincere loveShow summary, 3 pages

    I beseech you therefore. By the mercies of God. Present your bodies a living sacrifice. Be not conformed to this world; be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Sober self-estimation under the gifts given by grace. Love without dissimulation. Abhor evil; cleave to good. Bless them that persecute. Live peaceably with all men so far as lieth in you. Overcome evil with good. Calvin observes that the letter's long doctrine turns at this chapter into embodied life. Living sacrifice is reasonable service.

    On this chapter (3)

    Read Romans 12 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 13the governing authorities, and love fulfilling the lawShow summary, 4 pages

    Let every soul be subject to the higher powers. Ordained of God for good. Render to all their dues. The one debt that remains is love; love is the fulfilling of the law. Awake, for the night is far spent and the day is at hand. Cast off the works of darkness, put on the armor of light. Put on the Lord Jesus Christ; make no provision for the flesh. JFB notes the practical scope. Conscience-rule for Christians under Caesar, rooted in God's ordering of authority.

    On this chapter (4)

    Read Romans 13 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 14the weak and the strong, food and daysShow summary, 1 page

    Receive him that is weak in the faith, but not to doubtful disputations. One man esteems every day alike; another esteems one day above another. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind; let none judge or despise his brother. Every knee shall bow; every one of us shall give account. The kingdom of God is not meat and drink, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. Henry reads this as the pastoral application of the gospel to mixed-conscience communities. Liberty guided by love.

    On this chapter (1)

    • Romans 14:17

      The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.

    Read Romans 14 verse by verse

    Study

Seven gifts, each with its charge

  1. 1prophecy“in proportion to his faith”12:6
  2. 2serving“let him serve”12:7
  3. 3teaching“let him teach”12:7
  4. 4encouraging“let him encourage”12:8
  5. 5giving“let him give generously”12:8
  6. 6leading“let him lead with diligence”12:8
  7. 7showing mercy“let him do it cheerfully”12:8
Paul names seven gifts given by grace and tells the one who has each how to use it. The body is one and the gifts differ, and every gift is to be put to work. Sources: Romans 12:6 to 8 in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (1)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • The weak and the strong

    Believers who differ over food and days, told to welcome one another (14:1).

Themes (4)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (10)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 12:19 at Deuteronomy 32:35. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 12:20 at Proverbs 25:21. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 13:9 at Exodus 20:13. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 13:9 at Leviticus 19:18. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 14:11 at Isaiah 45:23. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:3 at Psalm 69:9. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:9 at Psalm 18:49. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:10 at Deuteronomy 32:43. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:11 at Psalm 117:1. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:12 at Isaiah 11:10. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 12:2 with Galatians 5:22 to 23; Romans 12:11 with Acts 20:19, the store's cross references with the most votes.

Paul's plans and greetings, Romans 15:14 to 16:27

What chapters 15 to 16 say, and the pages they open on.

Paul explains why he wrote boldly: he serves as a priest of the gospel so that the Gentiles become an offering acceptable to God (15:16). He has preached from Jerusalem to Illyricum where Christ was not known. Now he goes to Jerusalem with the gift of Macedonia and Achaia, and then hopes to see Rome on his way to Spain, asking their prayers. He commends Phoebe, greets a long list of believers by name, warns against those who cause divisions, and passes on greetings from those with him. The letter closes with praise to the only wise God.

I hope to see you on my way to Spain. And after I have enjoyed your company for a while, you can equip me for my journey.
Romans 15:24, Berean Standard Bible. The hope of Spain, the reason the letter goes to Rome at all.
  • Romans 15Christ the servant, the nations' hope, and SpainShow summary, 1 page

    We that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak, not to please ourselves. Christ pleased not himself; now the Scriptures are written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort might have hope. Paul's ministry to the Gentiles summarized; his travel plan named. Jerusalem first with the offering, then Rome, then Spain. Request for prayer that the offering be accepted by the saints. Calvin notes the apostle's willingness to serve before enjoying the Roman brethren, modelling gospel priority.

    On this chapter (1)

    • Romans 15:13

      The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.

    Read Romans 15 verse by verse

    Study
  • Romans 16Phoebe, the greetings, the warning and the doxologyShow summary, 6 pages

    Commendation of Phoebe, servant of the church at Cenchrea. A long roll of greetings. Twenty-six named by name, with particular service noted. Mark those that cause divisions contrary to the doctrine, and avoid them. The God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. Final doxology: to him that is of power to establish you according to my gospel, to the only wise God, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Henry treats the names as a window on the primitive church. Jew and Gentile, bond and free, women and men, together.

    On this chapter (6)

    Read Romans 16 verse by verse

    Study

Every name in chapter 16 (35)

Commended and greeted in Rome (27)

  • Phoebe 16:1 “a servant of the church in Cenchrea”
  • Prisca 16:3 “my fellow workers”
  • Aquila 16:3 “my fellow workers”
  • Epenetus 16:5 “the first convert to Christ in the province of Asia”
  • Mary 16:6 “has worked very hard for you”
  • Andronicus 16:7 “outstanding among the apostles”
  • Junia 16:7 “outstanding among the apostles”
  • Ampliatus 16:8 “my beloved in the Lord”
  • Urbanus 16:9 “our fellow worker in Christ”
  • Stachys 16:9 “my beloved Stachys”
  • Apelles 16:10 “approved in Christ”
  • Aristobulus 16:10 “those who belong to the household of Aristobulus”
  • Herodion 16:11 “my fellow countryman”
  • Narcissus 16:11 “the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord”
  • Tryphena 16:12 “women who have worked hard in the Lord”
  • Tryphosa 16:12 “women who have worked hard in the Lord”
  • Persis 16:12 “has worked very hard in the Lord”
  • Rufus 16:13 “chosen in the Lord”
  • Asyncritus 16:14 “the brothers with them”
  • Phlegon 16:14 “the brothers with them”
  • Hermes 16:14 “the brothers with them”
  • Patrobas 16:14 “the brothers with them”
  • Hermas 16:14 “the brothers with them”
  • Philologus 16:15 “all the saints with them”
  • Julia 16:15 “all the saints with them”
  • Nereus 16:15 “Nereus and his sister”
  • Olympas 16:15 “all the saints with them”

Sending greetings with Paul (8)

  • Timothy 16:21 “my fellow worker”
  • Lucius 16:21 “my fellow countrymen”
  • Jason 16:21 “my fellow countrymen”
  • Sosipater 16:21 “my fellow countrymen”
  • Tertius 16:22 “who wrote down this letter”
  • Gaius 16:23 “who has hosted me and all the church”
  • Erastus 16:23 “the city treasurer”
  • Quartus 16:23 “our brother Quartus”
Paul greets people in Rome he had met elsewhere, women and men, households and house churches, and sends greetings from those with him at Corinth. The count is the names the store's text of each verse carries. Sources: Romans 16:1 to 23 in the Berean Standard Bible.

Characters (5)

Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.

  • Phoebe

    A servant of the church in Cenchrea, commended to Rome (16:1).

  • Prisca and Aquila

    Fellow workers who risked their lives for Paul (16:3 to 4).

  • Andronicus and Junia

    Paul's countrymen and fellow prisoners, in Christ before him (16:7).

  • Tertius

    Wrote down this letter (16:22).

Show the next 1

Places (5)

Where the chapters stand.

  • Jerusalem

    Where Paul takes the gift for the poor among the saints (15:26).

  • Spain

    Where Paul hopes to go by way of Rome (15:24).

  • Illyricum

    The edge of the lands where Paul has preached (15:19).

  • Corinth and Cenchrea

    Phoebe's church at the port of Corinth (16:1).

Show the next 1
  • Macedonia and Achaia

    The churches that gave for Jerusalem (15:26).

Themes (2)

What these chapters raise, each on its own page.

Where these chapters take up the Old Testament (1)each marked as the store marks it, with the letters beside it
  • Explicit quotationRomans 15:21 at Isaiah 52:15. Marked a quotation in the store's table of quotations.

Beside it in Paul's other letters and in Acts: Romans 15:13 with Galatians 5:22; Romans 15:25 with Acts 20:22, the store's cross references with the most votes.

Where do readers disagree?

One list: the readings with their holders, and what the evidence does not settle.

  • When and from where did Paul write Romans?

    • Corinth, in the winter before the journey to Jerusalem. Held by F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free (1977), and by Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Romans (1993), who date it to about AD 57.
    • Corinth, a year or so earlier. Held by Robert Jewett, Romans: A Commentary (2007), who dates it to the winter of AD 56 to 57.

    What the evidence does not settle: The year, since the date hangs on how the whole chronology of Paul is built; the place, Corinth or its port, is read from the same verses by both.

    The argument in full

    Corinth, in the winter before the journey to Jerusalem. Phoebe of Cenchrea carries the letter (16:1), Gaius hosts Paul (16:23; 1 Corinthians 1:14), and Paul is about to take the gift to Jerusalem (15:25), which fits the three months in Greece of Acts 20:2 to 3.

    Corinth, a year or so earlier. The same evidence is set against a chronology of Paul fixed by the Gallio inscription at Delphi, which dates Paul's first stay in Corinth (Acts 18:12).

  • What is the righteousness of God in 1:17?

    Justification by faith→
    • A righteousness God gives, which makes a person righteous. Held by Augustine, On the Spirit and the Letter (412), chapter 9, and by John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755), on 1:17.
    • A righteousness God reckons to faith. Held by Martin Luther, Preface to the Latin Writings (1545), and by John Calvin, Commentary on Romans (1540), on 1:17.
    • God's saving power and his faithfulness to his covenant. Held by Ernst Käsemann, The Righteousness of God in Paul (1961), and by N. T. Wright, What Saint Paul Really Said (1997).

    What the evidence does not settle: Whether the Greek phrase names chiefly a gift from God, a status before God or an act of God; the readings agree that it is revealed in the gospel and received by faith.

    The argument in full

    A righteousness God gives, which makes a person righteous. It is the righteousness God gives, by which the ungodly are made righteous through grace received in faith.

    A righteousness God reckons to faith. It is the righteousness that stands before God's judgment, credited to the one who believes, as Abraham's faith was credited to him (4:3).

    God's saving power and his faithfulness to his covenant. The phrase names God's own action in keeping his promises and putting the world right, which the gospel reveals and faith receives.

  • Who is the "I" of chapter 7?

    The divided self→
    • Paul as a believer, still at war with sin. Held by Augustine, Retractations (427), book 1, chapter 23, and by Martin Luther, Lectures on Romans (1516), on 7:14.
    • A person under the law, before or without the Spirit. Held by John Chrysostom, Homilies on Romans, homily 13, and by John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755), on 7:14.
    • Paul speaking for Israel under the law. Held by Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans (1996), on 7:7 to 25.

    What the evidence does not settle: Whether the present tense is Paul's present, and how chapter 7 stands to chapter 8; each reading holds that only the Spirit answers the cry of 7:24.

    The argument in full

    Paul as a believer, still at war with sin. The one who delights in God's law in the inner being (7:22) speaks as a believer, and the present tense of 7:14 to 25 describes the ongoing struggle.

    A person under the law, before or without the Spirit. The one sold as a slave to sin (7:14) is the one the Spirit sets free in 8:2, so the chapter describes life under the law, which chapter 8 answers.

    Paul speaking for Israel under the law. The coming of the commandment (7:9) recalls Sinai, and the I speaks for Israel's experience of the law, with Paul standing in it.

  • What do chapters 9 to 11 teach of election and of Israel?

    Israel and the olive tree→
    • God chooses persons to salvation by his will alone. Held by Augustine, To Simplician (396), and by John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), book 3, chapters 21 to 24.
    • God chooses those he foreknows will believe, and chooses a people for a purpose. Held by Jacobus Arminius, Declaration of Sentiments (1608), and by John Wesley, Predestination Calmly Considered (1752).
    • All Israel: a future turning of Israel to Christ. Held by Charles Hodge, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1835), on 11:26, and by John Murray, The Epistle to the Romans (1965).
    • All Israel: the whole people of God, or the elect of Israel through the ages. Held by N. T. Wright, The Climax of the Covenant (1991), and by O. Palmer Robertson, The Israel of God (2000).

    What the evidence does not settle: How the chapters join God's choosing to human faith, and whether all Israel in 11:26 names a future turning; every reading holds that God's word has not failed (9:6) and his gifts and calling are irrevocable (11:29).

    The argument in full

    God chooses persons to salvation by his will alone. Jacob was chosen before he had done good or bad (9:11 to 12), and the potter has the right over the clay (9:21).

    God chooses those he foreknows will believe, and chooses a people for a purpose. The chapters answer who God's people are, and Paul says Israel stumbled through unbelief and the Gentiles stand by faith (9:32, 11:20), so faith is the condition God sets.

    All Israel: a future turning of Israel to Christ. The hardening is in part and until the Gentiles come in (11:25), and the natural branches will be grafted into their own olive tree (11:24).

    All Israel: the whole people of God, or the elect of Israel through the ages. The phrase is read as the full number of the saved, Jew and Gentile, or as the remnant of Israel gathered through history (11:5).

    This site's tradition, Wesleyan-Pentecostal, reads election with Arminius and Wesley and holds that God has a plan for Israel: the natural branches will be grafted back, and replacement theology is refused.

  • Was Junia an apostle (16:7)?

    • A woman counted among the apostles. Held by John Chrysostom, Homilies on Romans, homily 31, and by Eldon Jay Epp, Junia: The First Woman Apostle (2005).
    • A woman well known to the apostles. Held by Michael Burer and Daniel Wallace, Was Junia Really an Apostle? (2001), in New Testament Studies.
    • A man named Junias. Held by Erwin Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece (1927), whose editions accented the name as a man's until 1979, and printed in the American Standard Version (1901).

    What the evidence does not settle: Whether the Greek means among the apostles or known to them, and what apostle means in the verse; the Berean Standard Bible prints Junia and outstanding among the apostles.

    The argument in full

    A woman counted among the apostles. Chrysostom praises the woman thought worthy of the name apostle, Junia is a common woman's name of the period, and the accent that makes it a man's name first appears in later copies.

    A woman well known to the apostles. The Greek phrase is read as well known to the apostles, from parallels in Greek of the period.

    A man named Junias. The accent placed on the name in later copies makes it a man's, and the pair are then read as two men known as apostles.

  • Is chapter 16 part of the letter, and where does the doxology stand?

    How we got the Bible→
    • Chapter 16 belongs to the letter to Rome. Held by Harry Gamble, The Textual History of the Letter to the Romans (1977).
    • Chapter 16 was a note sent to Ephesus. Held by T. W. Manson, St. Paul's Letter to the Romans, and Others (1948).
    • The doxology stood in more than one place. Held by Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (1971), on 16:25 to 27.

    What the evidence does not settle: Why the doxology moved and whether shorter forms of the letter circulated; the Berean Standard Bible prints it at 16:25 to 27, after the greetings of 16:23.

    The argument in full

    Chapter 16 belongs to the letter to Rome. Every Greek copy of the full letter carries the chapter, and Paul greets friends he met elsewhere who had moved to Rome, as Prisca and Aquila had come from Rome (Acts 18:2).

    Chapter 16 was a note sent to Ephesus. Paul greets many people in a city he had yet to see (1:13), and Prisca and Aquila were last seen at Ephesus (Acts 18:19, 1 Corinthians 16:19).

    The doxology stood in more than one place. The praise of 16:25 to 27 stands after 14:23 in most later copies, after 15:33 in the oldest papyrus of Paul's letters, and after 16:23 in the great codices of the fourth century; Origen, Commentary on Romans, says Marcion cut the letter after 14:23.

  • Does 13:1 to 7 call for obedience to every state?

    The governing authorities→
    • Obedience in all things lawful, never in sin. Held by Martin Luther, Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed (1523), and by John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), book 4, chapter 20.
    • God ordains the office itself, and the ruler serves under it. Held by John Chrysostom, Homilies on Romans, homily 23, and by Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex (1644).

    What the evidence does not settle: Where the line falls between submission and refusal, since the passage gives the rule and Acts 5:29 the exception.

    The argument in full

    Obedience in all things lawful, never in sin. Authority is appointed by God (13:1) and is to be obeyed for conscience' sake, but where a ruler commands what God forbids, God is obeyed first (Acts 5:29).

    God ordains the office itself, and the ruler serves under it. Paul speaks of authority itself as God's ordering, and he describes the ruler as God's servant who punishes wrong and praises good (13:3 to 4), which is the task the office is given.

The pages Romans opens on

Studies153

Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 6 titles
Show the next 3 titles

People7

Show the next 1 title

Places5

Words6

Books beside it7

Show the next 1 title

Sources for this page

The movements, the chapter entries, the figures and the Context are read off the text of Romans. Romans quotes the Old Testament more than any other letter: the store's table of quotations marks 52 quotations in it, listed under each movement, and the lines to Galatians and Acts are its cross references. The works behind the readings under Where do readers disagree are Augustine, To Simplician (396), On the Spirit and the Letter (412) and Retractations (427); John Chrysostom, Homilies on Romans; Origen, Commentary on Romans; Martin Luther, Lectures on Romans (1516), Temporal Authority (1523) and the Preface to the Latin Writings (1545); John Calvin, Commentary on Romans (1540) and Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559); Jacobus Arminius, Declaration of Sentiments (1608); Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex (1644); John Wesley, Predestination Calmly Considered (1752) and Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755); Charles Hodge, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (1835); T. W. Manson, St. Paul's Letter to the Romans, and Others (1948); Ernst Käsemann, The Righteousness of God in Paul (1961); John Murray, The Epistle to the Romans (1965); Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (1971); F. F. Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free (1977); Harry Gamble, The Textual History of the Letter to the Romans (1977); Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Romans (1993); Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans (1996); N. T. Wright, The Climax of the Covenant (1991) and What Saint Paul Really Said (1997); O. Palmer Robertson, The Israel of God (2000); Michael Burer and Daniel Wallace, Was Junia Really an Apostle? (2001); Erwin Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece (1927); Eldon Jay Epp, Junia: The First Woman Apostle (2005); Robert Jewett, Romans: A Commentary (2007). Every verse quoted on this page is the Berean Standard Bible, read from the store.

Start Romans at chapter 1 →