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The Ninth Plague. Darkness

Exoduschapter 10

29 verses · Moses, by tradition · 15th or 13th century BC · The Law

In Jewish life

The reading

Weekly portion 15 of 54

בֹּא Bo, Exodus 10:1 to 13:16

Read with it: Jeremiah 46:13 to 46:28.

The verse numbers here are the ones a Hebrew Bible carries, which differ from an English Bible by a verse or two in several places. The Sephardi reading is named only where this site records a difference; communities vary beyond what is listed. What these books are, and how a Christian reader meets them →

How it is read

Rashi takes the word God uses of Himself in verse 2 at its full strength. It means "I HAVE MOCKED", he says, and he sets the same verb beside its use of Balaam's donkey and of the Philistines (Rashi on Exodus 10:2:1). At verse 13 he explains the direction of the wind by the map. An east wind carried the locusts in because Egypt lay to the south and west of the land of Israel (Rashi on Exodus 10:13:1). At verse 14 he weighs this plague against the locusts of Joel. Joel's were heavier, he holds, because they were many species together, while these "consisted of only one species" and had no equal of their kind (Rashi on Exodus 10:14:1). At verse 21 he reads the darkness as night made worse, so that "the darkness of night shall become even more black and dark" (Rashi on Exodus 10:21:1). At verse 8 he notes that Moses and Aaron were fetched back to Pharaoh by messengers sent after them (Rashi on Exodus 10:8:1). The text is the Rosenbaum and Silbermann Rashi of 1929 to 1934, in the public domain. Ibn Ezra comments at seven places and stands by reference alone (Ibn Ezra on Exodus 10:9:1 and 10:23:1).

What the rabbis say

The rabbis take up the locusts at Makkot 16a:2 and Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Vayehi Beshalach 5:11. On Pharaoh's offer to let the men go they taught in Bereshit Rabbah 48:11. On the sacrifices Moses demanded of Pharaoh they taught at Avodah Zarah 24a:19. The Mekhilta carries the bargaining of this chapter at Tractate Pischa 13:22 and 13:23.

The text, verse by verse

Each word shows the Hebrew, the English under it, how it sounds and its Strong’s number. A rule between verses marks where the Hebrew manuscripts end a paragraph.

Locusts Threatened; Pharaoh Bargains

10:1
וַיֹּ֤אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559יְהוָה֙YahwehyahwehH3068אֶל־toʾel-H413מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesmoshehH4872בֹּ֖אgobo'H935אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohparohH6547כִּֽי־forki-H3588אֲנִ֞יIʾaniH589הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּיI have made heavyhikhbadtiH3513אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853לִבּוֹ֙heart hisliboH3820וְאֶת־and <obj.>veetH853לֵ֣ב[the] heart oflevH3820עֲבָדָ֔יוservants hisʾavadavH5650לְמַ֗עַןso aslemaanH4616שִׁתִ֛יto perform IshitiH7896אֹתֹתַ֥יsigns myʾototaiH226אֵ֖לֶּהtheseʾelehH428בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃in midst hisbekirbovH7130

Ramban on Exodus 10:1

RambanSpain, 1194–1270· Commentary
GO IN UNTO PHARAOH; FOR I HAVE HARDENED HIS HEART AND THE HEART OF HIS SERVANTS. The Holy One, blessed be He, informed Moses that it is He Who has hardened their hearts in spite of their fear of Him during the hail and their confession of sin.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Commentary on the Torah by Ramban (Nachmanides). Translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel. New York, Shilo Pub. House, 1971-1976

10:2
וּלְמַ֡עַןand so thatulemaanH4616תְּסַפֵּר֩you may recounttesaperH5608בְּאָזְנֵ֨יin [the] ears ofbeazeneiH241בִנְךָ֜son yourvinkhaH1121וּבֶן־and [the] son ofuven-H1121בִּנְךָ֗son yourbinkhaH1121אֵ֣ת<obj.>ʾetH853אֲשֶׁ֤רhowʾasherH834הִתְעַלַּ֙לְתִּי֙I have dealt ruthlesslyhitalaltiH5953בְּמִצְרַ֔יִםwith EgyptbemitzrayimH4714וְאֶת־and <obj.>veetH853אֹתֹתַ֖יsigns myʾototaiH226אֲשֶׁר־whichʾasher-H834שַׂ֣מְתִּיI performedsamtiH7760בָ֑םamong <the> themvamוִֽידַעְתֶּ֖םand you will knowvida'temH3045כִּי־thatki-H3588אֲנִ֥יIʾaniH589יְהוָֽה׃[am] YahwehyahwehH3068
10:3
וַיָּבֹ֨אand he wentvaiyavo'H935מֹשֶׁ֣הMosesmoshehH4872וְאַהֲרֹן֮and AaronveaharonH175אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹה֒PharaohparohH6547וַיֹּאמְר֣וּand they saidvaiyomeruH559אֵלָ֗יוto himʾelavH413כֹּֽה־thuskoh-H3541אָמַ֤רhe saysʾamarH559יְהוָה֙YahwehyahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵ֣י[the] God ofʾeloheiH430הָֽעִבְרִ֔יםthe HebrewshaivrimH5680עַד־untilʾad-H5704מָתַ֣יwhen?mataiH4970מֵאַ֔נְתָּhave you refusedmeantaH3985לֵעָנֹ֖תto humble yourselfleanotH6031מִפָּנָ֑יfrom before memipanaiH6440שַׁלַּ֥חlet goshalachH7971עַמִּ֖יpeople myʾamiH5971וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃so they may serve meveyaavduniH5647
10:4
כִּ֛יthatkiH3588אִם־exceptʾim-H518מָאֵ֥ן[are] refusingmaenH3986אַתָּ֖הyouʾatahH859לְשַׁלֵּ֣חַto let goleshaleachH7971אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853עַמִּ֑יpeople myʾamiH5971הִנְנִ֨יhere IhiniH2005מֵבִ֥יא[am] about to bringmevi'H935מָחָ֛רtomorrowmacharH4279אַרְבֶּ֖הlocust[s]ʾarbehH697בִּגְבֻלֶֽךָ׃in territory yourbigvulekhaH1366
10:5
וְכִסָּה֙and it will covervekhisahH3680אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853עֵ֣ין[the] eye ofʾeinH5869הָאָ֔רֶץthe landhaaretzH776וְלֹ֥אand notvelo'H3808יוּכַ֖לanyone will be ableyukhalH3201לִרְאֹ֣תto seelirotH7200אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הָאָ֑רֶץthe groundhaaretzH776וְאָכַ֣ל׀and it will eatveakhalH398אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יֶ֣תֶר[the] remainder ofyeterH3499הַפְּלֵטָ֗הthe escaped thinghapeletahH6413הַנִּשְׁאֶ֤רֶתwhich remainshanisheretH7604לָכֶם֙to <the> youlakhemמִן־frommin-H4480הַבָּרָ֔דthe hailhabaradH1259וְאָכַל֙and it will eatveakhalH398אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853כָּל־everykol-H3605הָעֵ֔ץ<the> treehaetzH6086הַצֹּמֵ֥חַthat is sproutinghatzomeachH6779לָכֶ֖םfor <the> youlakhemמִן־frommin-H4480הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃the fieldhasadehH7704
10:6
וּמָלְא֨וּand they will be fullumaluH4390בָתֶּ֜יךָhouses yourvateikhaH1004וּבָתֵּ֣יand [the] houses ofuvateiH1004כָל־allkhol-H3605עֲבָדֶיךָ֮servants yourʾavadeikhaH5650וּבָתֵּ֣יand [the] houses ofuvateiH1004כָל־allkhol-H3605מִצְרַיִם֒EgyptmitzrayimH4713אֲשֶׁ֨רwhichʾasherH834לֹֽא־notlo'-H3808רָא֤וּthey sawrauH7200אֲבֹתֶ֙יךָ֙ancestors yourʾavoteikhaH1וַאֲב֣וֹתand [the] ancestors ofvaavotH1אֲבֹתֶ֔יךָancestors yourʾavoteikhaH1מִיּ֗וֹםfrom [the] daymiyomH3117הֱיוֹתָם֙were theyheyotamH1961עַל־onʾal-H5921הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔הthe landhaadamahH127עַ֖דuntilʾadH5704הַיּ֣וֹםthe dayhaiyomH3117הַזֶּ֑ה<the> thishazehH2088וַיִּ֥פֶןand he turnedvaiyifenH6437וַיֵּצֵ֖אand he went outvaiyetze'H3318מֵעִ֥םfrom withmeimH5973פַּרְעֹֽה׃PharaohparohH6547
10:7
וַיֹּאמְרוּ֩and they saidvaiyomeruH559עַבְדֵ֨י[the] servants ofʾavdeiH5650פַרְעֹ֜הPharaohfarohH6547אֵלָ֗יוto himʾelavH413עַד־untilʾad-H5704מָתַי֙when?mataiH4970יִהְיֶ֨הwill he becomeyihyehH1961זֶ֥הthis [man]zehH2088לָ֙נוּ֙for <the> uslanuלְמוֹקֵ֔שׁ<into> a snarelemokeshH4170שַׁלַּח֙let goshalachH7971אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔יםthe peoplehaanashimH582וְיַֽעַבְד֖וּso they may serveveyaavduH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֣הYahwehyahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑םGod theirʾeloheihemH430הֲטֶ֣רֶם¿ not yethateremH2962תֵּדַ֔עdo you knowteda'H3045כִּ֥יthatkiH3588אָבְדָ֖הit will perishʾavedahH6מִצְרָֽיִם׃EgyptmitzrayimH4714
10:8
וַיּוּשַׁ֞בand he was brought backvaiyushavH7725אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853מֹשֶׁ֤הMosesmoshehH4872וְאֶֽת־and <obj.>veetH853אַהֲרֹן֙AaronʾaharonH175אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohparohH6547וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559אֲלֵהֶ֔םto themʾalehemH413לְכ֥וּgolekhuH1980עִבְד֖וּserveʾivduH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֣הYahwehyahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑םGod yourʾeloheikhemH430מִ֥יwho?miH4310וָמִ֖יand who?vamiH4310הַהֹלְכִֽים׃[are] the [ones] goinghaholekhimH1980
10:9
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesmoshehH4872בִּנְעָרֵ֥ינוּwith young men ourbinareinuH5288וּבִזְקֵנֵ֖ינוּand with old [men] ouruvizkeneinuH2205נֵלֵ֑ךְwe will gonelekhH1980בְּבָנֵ֨ינוּwith sons ourbevaneinuH1121וּבִבְנוֹתֵ֜נוּand with daughters ouruvivnotenuH1323בְּצֹאנֵ֤נוּwith flock[s] ourbetzonenuH6629וּבִבְקָרֵ֙נוּ֙and with herds ouruvivkarenuH1241נֵלֵ֔ךְwe will gonelekhH1980כִּ֥יforkiH3588חַג־<the> festival ofchag-H2282יְהוָ֖הYahwehyahwehH3068לָֽנוּ׃[will belong] to <the> uslanu
10:10
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559אֲלֵהֶ֗םto themʾalehemH413יְהִ֨יmay he beyehiH1961כֵ֤ןthuskhenH3651יְהוָה֙YahwehyahwehH3068עִמָּכֶ֔םwith youʾimakhemH5973כַּאֲשֶׁ֛רjust askaasherH834אֲשַׁלַּ֥חI will let goʾashalachH7971אֶתְכֶ֖ם<obj.> youʾetkhemH853וְאֶֽת־and <obj.>veetH853טַפְּכֶ֑םlittle one[s] yourtapekhemH2945רְא֕וּseereuH7200כִּ֥יthatkiH3588רָעָ֖הevilraahH7451נֶ֥גֶד[is] beforenegedH5048פְּנֵיכֶֽם׃faces yourpeneikhemH6440

Ramban on Exodus 10:10

RambanSpain, 1194–1270· Commentary
“The intent of the verse is as the Targum [Onkelos] explained it.” Thus the language of Rashi. Now how commendable it would have been if Rashi had written out [the text of Onkelos he referred to], since there are variant texts of this Targum!

Read it in full at Sefaria · Commentary on the Torah by Ramban (Nachmanides). Translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel. New York, Shilo Pub. House, 1971-1976

10:11
לֹ֣אnotlo'H3808כֵ֗ןsokhenH3651לְכֽוּ־golekhu-H1980נָ֤אpleasena'H4994הַגְּבָרִים֙the menhagevarimH1397וְעִבְד֣וּand serveveivduH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֔הYahwehyahwehH3068כִּ֥יforkiH3588אֹתָ֖הּ<obj.> itʾotahH853אַתֶּ֣םyouʾatemH859מְבַקְשִׁ֑ים[are] requestingmevakshimH1245וַיְגָ֣רֶשׁand someone drove outvaygareshH1644אֹתָ֔ם<obj.> themʾotamH853מֵאֵ֖תfrom withmeetH854פְּנֵ֥י[the] face ofpeneiH6440פַרְעֹֽה׃PharaohfarohH6547

Locusts Devour Every Green Thing

10:12
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559יְהוָ֜הYahwehyahwehH3068אֶל־toʾel-H413מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesmoshehH4872נְטֵ֨הstretch outnetehH5186יָדְךָ֜hand youryadekhaH3027עַל־overʾal-H5921אֶ֤רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרַ֙יִם֙EgyptmitzrayimH4714בָּֽאַרְבֶּ֔הfor the locust[s]baarbehH697וְיַ֖עַלso may it come upveyaalH5927עַל־onʾal-H5921אֶ֣רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714וְיֹאכַל֙so it may eatveyokhalH398אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853כָּל־allkol-H3605עֵ֣שֶׂב[the] vegetation ofʾesevH6212הָאָ֔רֶץthe landhaaretzH776אֵ֛ת<obj.>ʾetH853כָּל־allkol-H3605אֲשֶׁ֥רthatʾasherH834הִשְׁאִ֖ירit left overhishirH7604הַבָּרָֽד׃the hailhabaradH1259

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 10:12

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
Rabbi Moses Ha-Kohen says that ba-arbeh (for the locusts) indicates that Moses placed a locust on the rod.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

10:13
וַיֵּ֨טand he stretched outvaiyetH5186מֹשֶׁ֣הMosesmoshehH4872אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853מַטֵּהוּ֮staff hismatehuH4294עַל־overʾal-H5921אֶ֣רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרַיִם֒EgyptmitzrayimH4714וַֽיהוָ֗הand YahwehvayahwehH3068נִהַ֤גhe drovenihagH5090ר֥וּחַa wind ofruachH7307קָדִים֙[the] eastkadimH6921בָּאָ֔רֶץin the landbaaretzH776כָּל־allkol-H3605הַיּ֥וֹםthe dayhaiyomH3117הַה֖וּא<the> thathahu'H1931וְכָל־and allvekholH3605הַלָּ֑יְלָהthe nighthalayelahH3915הַבֹּ֣קֶרthe morninghabokerH1242הָיָ֔הit washayahH1961וְר֙וּחַ֙and [the] wind ofveruachH7307הַקָּדִ֔יםthe easthakadimH6921נָשָׂ֖אit carriednasa'H5375אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הָאַרְבֶּֽה׃the locust[s]haarbehH697

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 10:13

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
Kadim (east) is an adjective, since kedemah mizrachah (the east side) is a noun.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

10:14
וַיַּ֣עַלand it came upvaiyaalH5927הָֽאַרְבֶּ֗הthe locust[s]haarbehH697עַ֚לonʾalH5921כָּל־allkol-H3605אֶ֣רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714וַיָּ֕נַחand it settled downvaiyanachH5117בְּכֹ֖לin allbekholH3605גְּב֣וּל[the] territory ofgevulH1366מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714כָּבֵ֣דheavykavedH3515מְאֹ֔דverymeodH3966לְ֠פָנָיו<to> before itlefanavH6440לֹא־notlo'-H3808הָ֨יָהit had beenhayahH1961כֵ֤ןthuskhenH3651אַרְבֶּה֙locust[s]ʾarbehH697כָּמֹ֔הוּlike itkamohuH3644וְאַחֲרָ֖יוand after itveacharavH310לֹ֥אnotlo'H3808יִֽהְיֶה־it will beyihyeh-H1961כֵּֽן׃thuskenH3651

Ramban on Exodus 10:14

RambanSpain, 1194–1270· Commentary
NEITHER AFTER THEM SHALL BE SUCH [LOCUSTS]. Scripture informs us by way of prophecy that after them, there would never be such [locusts].

Read it in full at Sefaria · Commentary on the Torah by Ramban (Nachmanides). Translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel. New York, Shilo Pub. House, 1971-1976

10:15
וַיְכַ֞סand it coveredvaykhasH3680אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853עֵ֣ין[the] eye ofʾeinH5869כָּל־allkol-H3605הָאָרֶץ֮the landhaaretzH776וַתֶּחְשַׁ֣ךְand it grew darkvatechshakhH2821הָאָרֶץ֒the landhaaretzH776וַיֹּ֜אכַלand it atevaiyokhalH398אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853כָּל־allkol-H3605עֵ֣שֶׂב[the] vegetation ofʾesevH6212הָאָ֗רֶץthe landhaaretzH776וְאֵת֙and <obj.>veetH853כָּל־allkol-H3605פְּרִ֣י[the] fruit ofperiH6529הָעֵ֔ץthe tree[s]haetzH6086אֲשֶׁ֥רwhichʾasherH834הוֹתִ֖ירit had left overhotirH3498הַבָּרָ֑דthe hailhabaradH1259וְלֹא־and notvelo'-H3808נוֹתַ֨רit was left behindnotarH3498כָּל־anykol-H3605יֶ֧רֶקgreeneryyerekH3418בָּעֵ֛ץon the tree[s]baetzH6086וּבְעֵ֥שֶׂבand on [the] vegetation ofuveesevH6212הַשָּׂדֶ֖הthe fieldhasadehH7704בְּכָל־in allbekholH3605אֶ֥רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרָֽיִם׃EgyptmitzrayimH4714
10:16
וַיְמַהֵ֣רand he hurriedvaymaherH4116פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohparohH6547לִקְרֹ֖אto summonlikro'H7121לְמֹשֶׁ֣ה<to> MoseslemoshehH4872וּֽלְאַהֲרֹ֑ןand <to> AaronuleaharonH175וַיֹּ֗אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559חָטָ֛אתִיI have sinnedchatatiH2398לַיהוָ֥הto YahwehlayahwehH3068אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֖םGod yourʾeloheikhemH430וְלָכֶֽם׃and to <the> youvelakhem
10:17
וְעַתָּ֗הand thereforeveatahH6258שָׂ֣אforgivesa'H5375נָ֤אpleasena'H4994חַטָּאתִי֙sin mychatatiH2403אַ֣ךְonlyʾakhH389הַפַּ֔עַםthis timehapaamH6471וְהַעְתִּ֖ירוּand prayveha'tiruH6279לַיהוָ֣הto YahwehlayahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑םGod yourʾeloheikhemH430וְיָסֵר֙so may he removeveyaserH5493מֵֽעָלַ֔יfrom on <the> memealaiH5921רַ֖קonlyrakH7535אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הַמָּ֥וֶתthe deathhamavetH4194הַזֶּֽה׃<the> thishazehH2088
10:18
וַיֵּצֵ֖אand he went outvaiyetze'H3318מֵעִ֣םfrom withmeimH5973פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohparohH6547וַיֶּעְתַּ֖רand he prayedvaiye'tarH6279אֶל־toʾel-H413יְהוָֽה׃YahwehyahwehH3068
10:19
וַיַּהֲפֹ֨ךְand he turnedvaiyahafokhH2015יְהוָ֤הYahwehyahwehH3068רֽוּחַ־a windruach-H7307יָם֙westyamH3220חָזָ֣קstrongchazakH2389מְאֹ֔דverymeodH3966וַיִּשָּׂא֙and it carried awayvaiyisa'H5375אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הָ֣אַרְבֶּ֔הthe locust[s]haarbehH697וַיִּתְקָעֵ֖הוּand it blew itvaiyitkaehuH8628יָ֣מָּה[the] sea of towardsyamahH3220סּ֑וּףreed[s]sufH5488לֹ֤אnotlo'H3808נִשְׁאַר֙it remainednisharH7604אַרְבֶּ֣הa locustʾarbehH697אֶחָ֔דoneʾechadH259בְּכֹ֖לin allbekholH3605גְּב֥וּל[the] territory ofgevulH1366מִצְרָֽיִם׃EgyptmitzrayimH4714
10:20
וַיְחַזֵּ֥קand he made strongvaychazekH2388יְהוָ֖הYahwehyahwehH3068אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853לֵ֣ב[the] heart oflevH3820פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohparohH6547וְלֹ֥אand notvelo'H3808שִׁלַּ֖חhe let goshilachH7971אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853בְּנֵ֥י[the] people ofbeneiH1121יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃IsraelyisraelH3478

Darkness That Could Be Felt

10:21
וַיֹּ֨אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559יְהוָ֜הYahwehyahwehH3068אֶל־toʾel-H413מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesmoshehH4872נְטֵ֤הstretch outnetehH5186יָֽדְךָ֙hand youryadekhaH3027עַל־toʾal-H5921הַשָּׁמַ֔יִםthe heavenshashamayimH8064וִ֥יהִיso may it bevihiH1961חֹ֖שֶׁךְdarknesschoshekhH2822עַל־overʾal-H5921אֶ֣רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714וְיָמֵ֖שׁso they may feelveyameshH4959חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃darknesschoshekhH2822
10:22
וַיֵּ֥טand he stretched outvaiyetH5186מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesmoshehH4872אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יָד֖וֹhand hisyadoH3027עַל־toʾal-H5921הַשָּׁמָ֑יִםthe heavenshashamayimH8064וַיְהִ֧יand it wasvayhiH1961חֹֽשֶׁךְ־darkness ofchoshekh-H2822אֲפֵלָ֛הdarknessʾafelahH653בְּכָל־in allbekholH3605אֶ֥רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרַ֖יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁתthreesheloshetH7969יָמִֽים׃daysyamimH3117
10:23
לֹֽא־notlo'-H3808רָא֞וּthey sawrauH7200אִ֣ישׁeachʾishH376אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853אָחִ֗יוbrother hisʾachivH251וְלֹא־and notvelo'-H3808קָ֛מוּthey rosekamuH6965אִ֥ישׁanyoneʾishH376מִתַּחְתָּ֖יוfrom under himmitachtavH8478שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁתthreesheloshetH7969יָמִ֑יםdaysyamimH3117וּֽלְכָל־and to allulekhol-H3605בְּנֵ֧י[the] peoplebeneiH1121יִשְׂרָאֵ֛לIsraelyisraelH3478הָ֥יָהit be[longed]hayahH1961א֖וֹרlightʾorH216בְּמוֹשְׁבֹתָֽם׃in dwelling places theirbemoshevotamH4186
10:24
וַיִּקְרָ֨אand he summonedvaiyikra'H7121פַרְעֹ֜הPharaohfarohH6547אֶל־<to>ʾel-H413מֹשֶׁ֗הMosesmoshehH4872וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙and he saidvaiyomerH559לְכוּ֙golekhuH1980עִבְד֣וּserveʾivduH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֔הYahwehyahwehH3068רַ֛קonlyrakH7535צֹאנְכֶ֥םflock[s] yourtzonkhemH6629וּבְקַרְכֶ֖םand herd[s] youruvekarkhemH1241יֻצָּ֑גit will be detainedyutzagH3322גַּֽם־alsogam-H1571טַפְּכֶ֖םlittle one[s] yourtapekhemH2945יֵלֵ֥ךְit will goyelekhH1980עִמָּכֶֽם׃with youʾimakhemH5973
10:25
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559מֹשֶׁ֔הMosesmoshehH4872גַּם־alsogam-H1571אַתָּ֛הyouʾatahH859תִּתֵּ֥ןyou will givetitenH5414בְּיָדֵ֖נוּin hand ourbeyadenuH3027זְבָחִ֣יםsacrificeszevachimH2077וְעֹל֑וֹתand burnt offeringsveolotH5930וְעָשִׂ֖ינוּand we will offer [them]veasinuH6213לַיהוָ֥הto YahwehlayahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃God ourʾeloheinuH430
10:26
וְגַם־and alsovegam-H1571מִקְנֵ֜נוּlivestock ourmiknenuH4735יֵלֵ֣ךְit will goyelekhH1980עִמָּ֗נוּwith usʾimanuH5973לֹ֤אnotlo'H3808תִשָּׁאֵר֙it will remaintishaerH7604פַּרְסָ֔הa hoofparsahH6541כִּ֚יforkiH3588מִמֶּ֣נּוּsome of itmimenuH4480נִקַּ֔חwe will takenikachH3947לַעֲבֹ֖דto servelaavodH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֣הYahwehyahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵ֑ינוּGod ourʾeloheinuH430וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּand wevaanachnuH587לֹֽא־notlo'-H3808נֵדַ֗עwe will knowneda'H3045מַֽה־what?mah-H4100נַּעֲבֹד֙will we servenaavodH5647אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֔הYahwehyahwehH3068עַד־untilʾad-H5704בֹּאֵ֖נוּgo weboenuH935שָֽׁמָּה׃there <towards>shamahH8033
10:27
וַיְחַזֵּ֥קand he made strongvaychazekH2388יְהוָ֖הYahwehyahwehH3068אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853לֵ֣ב[the] heart oflevH3820פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohparohH6547וְלֹ֥אand notvelo'H3808אָבָ֖הhe was willingʾavahH14לְשַׁלְּחָֽם׃to let go themleshalechamH7971
10:28
וַיֹּֽאמֶר־and he saidvaiyomer-H559ל֥וֹto <the> himloפַרְעֹ֖הPharaohfarohH6547לֵ֣ךְgolekhH1980מֵעָלָ֑יfrom with <the> memealaiH5921הִשָּׁ֣מֶרtake heedhishamerH8104לְךָ֗to <the> yourselflekhaאֶל־toʾel-H413תֹּ֙סֶף֙may you repeattosefH3254רְא֣וֹתto seereotH7200פָּנַ֔יface mypanaiH6440כִּ֗יforkiH3588בְּי֛וֹםon [the] daybeyomH3117רְאֹתְךָ֥seeing youreotekhaH7200פָנַ֖יface myfanaiH6440תָּמֽוּת׃you will dietamutH4191
10:29
וַיֹּ֥אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559מֹשֶׁ֖הMosesmoshehH4872כֵּ֣ןrightkenH3651דִּבַּ֑רְתָּyou have spokendibartaH1696לֹא־notlo'-H3808אֹסִ֥ףI will repeatʾosifH3254ע֖וֹדagainodH5750רְא֥וֹתto seereotH7200פָּנֶֽיךָ׃face yourpaneikhaH6440

Hebrew words in this chapter

The 40 most used Hebrew words of the chapter, counted by lemma. The article, the object marker, the negatives and the common prepositions are left out.

WordSense hereUsesStrong’s
יְהֹוָהYᵉhôvâhyahweh21H3068
אָמַרʼâmarto say14H559
אֶרֶץʼeretsland14H776
מֹשֶׁהMôshehMoses12H4872
פַּרְעֹהParʻôhPharaoh12H6547
מִצְרַיִםMitsrayimEgypt11H4714
הָלַךְhâlakgo9H1980
אֱלֹהִיםʼĕlôhîymGod7H430
עָבַדʻâbadto serve7H5647
אַרְבֶּהʼarbehlocust7H697
רָאָהrâʼâhto see7H7200
בֵּןbênson6H1121
שָׁלַחshâlachlet go6H7971
יוֹםyôwmday6H3117
פָּנִיםpânîymface5H6440
בּוֹאbôwʼgo4H935
לֵבlêbheart4H3820
אָכַלʼâkalto eat4H398
שָׁאַרshâʼarto remain4H7604
נָטָהnâṭâhto stretch4H5186
WordSense hereUsesStrong’s
יָדyâdhand4H3027
עֶבֶדʻebedservants his3H5650
יָדַעyâdaʻto know3H3045
אַהֲרוֹןʼAhărôwnAaron3H175
גְּבוּלgᵉbûwlin territory your3H1366
בָּרָדbârâdhail3H1259
עֵץʻêtstree3H6086
בַּיִתbayithhouses your3H1004
אָבʼâbancestors your3H1
עֶשֶׂבʻesebvegetation3H6212
רוּחַrûwacha wind of3H7307
נָשָׂאnâsâʼit carried3H5375
חֹשֶׁךְchôshekdarkness3H2822
מַעַןmaʻanso as2H4616
אוֹתʼôwthsign2H226
מָתַיmâthaywhen2H4970
עַםʻampeople2H5971
כָּסָהkâçâhto cover2H3680
עַיִןʻayineye2H5869
שָׂדֶהsâdehthe field2H7704

Keep studying

Sources for this chapter

The Hebrew text

STEP Bible, the tagged Hebrew text and its English glosses and James Strong, Strong's Exhaustive Concordance.

In Jewish life

Rashi, Rashi on Exodus 10:2:1, 10:8:1, 10:13:1, 10:14:1 and 10:21:1, Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A. M. Silbermann, 1929 to 1934 (public domain); Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra on Exodus 10:9:1 and 10:23:1, cited by ref alone under the corpus licence rule; The Babylonian Talmud, Makkot 16a:2 and Avodah Zarah 24a:19, cited by ref and The Midrash, Bereshit Rabbah 48:11 and Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Pischa 13:22 and 13:23 and Tractate Vayehi Beshalach 5:11, cited by ref.

The rabbinic texts

Ramban, Commentary on the Torah by Ramban (Nachmanides). Translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel. New York, Shilo Pub. House, 1971-1976; Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004 and Sefaria, texts and citation data.

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