1 Kingschapter 18
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The Prophets of Baal Are Slaughtered, Gustave Doré, Doré's English Bible (1866), public domain
The section titles are this site's own.
A.Obadiah, who hid a hundred prophets in cavesvv. 1-16
After a long time, in the third year of the drought, the word of the LORD came to Elijah: “Go and present yourself to Ahab, and I will send rain upon the face of the earth.” So Elijah went to present himself to Ahab. The famine was severe in Samaria, and Ahab summoned Obadiah, who was in charge of the palace. (Now Obadiah greatly feared the LORD, for when Jezebel had slaughtered the prophets of the LORD, Obadiah had taken a hundred prophets and hidden them, fifty men per cave, providing them with food and water.) Then Ahab said to Obadiah, “Go throughout the land to every spring and every valley. Perhaps we will find grass to keep the horses and mules alive so that we will not have to destroy any livestock.” So they divided the land to explore. Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went the other way by himself. Now as Obadiah went on his way, Elijah suddenly met him. When Obadiah recognized him, he fell facedown and said, “Is it you, my lord Elijah?” “It is I,” he answered. “Go tell your master, ‘Elijah is here!’” But Obadiah replied, “How have I sinned, that you are handing your servant over to Ahab to put me to death? As surely as the LORD your God lives, there is no nation or kingdom where my lord has not sent someone to search for you. When they said, ‘He is not here,’ he made that kingdom or nation swear that they had not found you. And now you say, ‘Go tell your master that Elijah is here!’ I do not know where the Spirit of the LORD may carry you off when I leave you. Then when I go and tell Ahab and he does not find you, he will kill me. But I, your servant, have feared the LORD from my youth. Was it not reported to my lord what I did when Jezebel slaughtered the prophets of the LORD? I hid a hundred prophets of the LORD, fifty men per cave, and I provided them with food and water. And now you say, ‘Go tell your lord that Elijah is here!’ He will kill me!”
1 Kings 18:1-2
in the third year: The drought that began with a sentence at 17:1 ends the same way: the word of the LORD comes, and rain is promised before any contest is proposed. Kings dates the word in the third year; Luke 4:25 and Jas 5:17 give the whole span as three years and six months, the New Testament's own reckoning of the closed heaven. Carmel is not a duel to see whether rain will come but a public settling of who sends it.
1 Kings 18:1, 2 voicesWhat preachers and commentators have said about these verses, in their own words.
1 Kings 18:1
"After many days the word of the Lord came to Elijah, in the third year of the drought, saying, 'Go, present yourself to Ahab; I will send rain on the earth.' " The Lord, by giving life back to the child, granted grace to Elijah. …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:1patristic
1 Kings 18:1
“The third year - i. e., in the third year of his sojourn with the widow. The whole period of drought was three years and a half Luk 4:25; Jas 5:17: of this, probably about one year was passed by Elijah in the torrent-course of Cherith, and two years and a half at Sarepta.”
1 Kings 18:2, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:2
“And Elijah went to show himself unto Ahab,.... Which showed his cheerful and ready obedience to the will of God, and his great courage and magnanimity, to face a king enraged against him, and that sought his life: and there was a sore famine in Samaria; the metropolis of the kingdom, where Ahab kept his court, and therefore must be sensible of it, and bore the greater indignation against the prophet who had foretold it.”
1 Kings 18:2
“Elijah went--a marvellous proof of the natural intrepidity of this prophet, of his moral courage, and his unfaltering confidence in the protecting care of God, that he ventured to approach the presence of the raging lion. there was a sore famine in Samaria--Elijah found that the famine was pressing with intense severity in the capital.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:3-6
Inside Ahab's own palace stands a man who fears the LORD greatly and has a hundred prophets hidden in two caves on bread and water, fed under Jezebel's nose. The narrator sets the king's errand beside it without comment: Ahab divides the land with his steward to hunt grass for the horses, a kingdom's ruler searching fountains for fodder and not for the God who shut them. Obadiah's caves answer Elijah's later claim to be alone before Elijah ever makes it.
1 Kings 18:3, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:3
“And Ahab called Obadiah, which was the governor of his house,.... Perhaps his steward: the Jews (m) take him to be Obadiah the prophet, who wrote the small prophecy that goes by his name: (now Obadiah feared the Lord greatly:) who, though he did not go up to Jerusalem to worship, which ceremonial service was dispensed with in him, yet he did not worship the calves, nor Baal, but served the Lord in a spiritual manner. (m) T. Bab. Sanhedrin, fol. 39. 2.”
1 Kings 18:3
“Obadiah’s name, “servant of Yahweh,” indicates his religious character. It corresponds to the modern Arabic name Abdallah. Ahab could scarcely have been ignorant of Obadiah’s faithfulness to Yahweh; and it tells in favor of the monarch’s tolerance that he should have maintained an adherent of the old religion in so important an office. There seems to be no doubt that the worst deeds of Ahab’s reign sprang less from his own free will and natural disposition than from the evil counsels, or rather perhaps the imperious requirements, of his wife.”
1 Kings 18:3
“Obadiah feared the Lord greatly--Although he did not follow the course taken by the Levites and the majority of pious Israelites at that time of emigration into Judah (2Ch 11:13-16), he was a secret and sincere worshipper.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:4, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:4
“We have no details of Jezebel’s deed of blood. Some have conjectured that it was the answer of Jezebel to Elijah’s threat, and that the command given him to hide in Cherith alone saved him from being one of the victims. This view receives some support from Obadiah’s act and words 1Ki 18:13. Fifty in a cave - The limestone formation of Judaea and Samaria abounds with large natural caverns, the size of which is easily increased by art.”
1 Kings 18:5, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:5
Unto all fountains of water and unto all brooks - Rather, “to all springs of water and to all torrent-courses.” The former are the perennial streams; the latter are the torrent-courses which become dry in an ordinary summer. All the beasts - Rather, some, or, “a portion of our beasts.”
1 Kings 18:5
“Obadiah would not have accepted the place if he could not have had it without bowing the knee to Baal, nor was Ahab so impolitic as to exclude those from offices that were fit to serve him, merely because they would not join with him in his devotions. That man that is true to his God will be faithful to his prince.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:7-14
Obadiah's long protest is the chapter's measure of Elijah's reputation: no nation or kingdom where Ahab has not sought him, oaths taken from kings that he was not there, and the standing assumption that the Spirit of the LORD carries the prophet where no messenger can follow. A man who has spent three years hiding prophets by fifty is still afraid that this errand will cost his head. The fear is reasonable, and the text lets it speak at full length before Elijah answers it.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:7, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:7
“And as Obadiah was in the way,.... In his district, making his observations: behold, Elijah met him: where is not said; but he was, no doubt, upon the road from Zarephath to Samaria: and he knew him that is, Obadiah knew Elijah, having seen him at Ahab's court before he absconded: and fell on his face, and said, art thou that my lord Elijah? thus doing him honour and reverence both by words and gesture, as being an extraordinary prophet of the Lord.”
1 Kings 18:7
“Prophets should be called seers, and shepherds, and watchmen, and ministers, rather than lords, as those that mind duty more than dominion. [2.] He bids Obadiah go and tell the king that he is there to speak with him: Tell thy lord, Behold, Elijah is forth-coming,”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:8, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:8
“And he answered him, I am,.... He did not desire to be concealed, his orders were to show and make himself known to Ahab, and Obadiah was one of his domestic servants: go tell thy lord, behold, Elijah is here; in such a place, ready to face him at any time. Elijah, by calling Ahab the lord of Obadiah, as he tacitly reproves him for calling him lord, shows reverence to Ahab as a king, and yet that he was fearless of him, as he was the prophet and ambassador of the Lord of hosts to him.”
1 Kings 18:10, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:10
“There is no nation or kingdom - He had sent through all his own states and to the neighboring governments to find out the prophet, as he knew, from his own declaration, that both rain and drought were to be the effect of his prayers. Had he found him, he no doubt intended to oblige him to procure rain, or punish him for having brought on this drought.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:12, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:12
“The Spirit of the Lord shall carry thee - Obadiah supposed that the Spirit of the Lord had carried him to some strange country during the three years and a half of the drought; and as he had reason to think that Ahab would slay Elijah if he found him, and that the God of the prophet would not suffer his servant to fall into such murderous hands, he took for granted that as soon as he should come into danger, so soon would the Spirit of the Lord carry him away, or direct him to some hiding place.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:12
“I SUSPECT that Elijah did not think very much of Obadiah. He does not treat him with any great consideration, but addresses him more sharply than one would expect from a fellow-believer. Elijah was the man of action’bold, always to the front, with nothing to conceal; Obadiah was a quiet believer, true and steadfast, but in a very difficult position, and therefore driven to perform his duty in a less open manner. His faith in the Lord swayed his life, but did not drive him out of the court.”
Charles Spurgeon· The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, Sermon No. 1804: “Obadiah; or, Early Piety Eminent Piety” (lightly modernized text, CCEL edition) (1884)Particular (Reformed) Baptist / Five-point Calvinist / 1689 LBCF / 19th-c. evangelical
1 Kings 18:13, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:13
“When Jezebel slew the prophets - This persecution was probably during the dearth, for as this bad woman would attribute the public calamity to Elijah, not being able to find him, she would naturally wreak her vengeance on the prophets of Jehovah who were within her reach.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:13
“Yet, bad as things were, (1.) There was one very good man, who was a great man at court, Obadiah, who answered his name-- a servant of the Lord, one who feared God and was faithful to him, and yet was steward of the household to Ahab.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
Then Elijah said, “As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, I will present myself to Ahab today.” So Obadiah went to inform Ahab, who went to meet Elijah.
B.Art thou he that troubleth Israel?vv. 17-19
When Ahab saw Elijah, he said to him, “Is that you, O troubler of Israel?” “I have not troubled Israel,” Elijah replied, “but you and your father’s house have, for you have forsaken the commandments of the LORD and have followed the Baals. Now summon all Israel to meet me on Mount Carmel, along with the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah who eat at Jezebel’s table.”
C.From morning until noon: O Baal, hear usvv. 20-29
So Ahab summoned all the Israelites and assembled the prophets on Mount Carmel. Then Elijah approached all the people and said, “How long will you waver between two opinions? If the LORD is God, follow Him. But if Baal is God, follow him.” But the people did not answer a word. Then Elijah said to the people, “I am the only remaining prophet of the LORD, but Baal has four hundred and fifty prophets. Get two bulls for us. Let the prophets of Baal choose one bull for themselves, cut it into pieces, and place it on the wood but not light the fire. And I will prepare the other bull and place it on the wood but not light the fire. Then you may call on the name of your god, and I will call on the name of the LORD. The God who answers by fire, He is God.” And all the people answered, “What you say is good.” Then Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, “Since you are so numerous, choose for yourselves one bull and prepare it first. Then call on the name of your god, but do not light the fire.” And they took the bull that was given them, prepared it, and called on the name of Baal from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was no sound, and no one answered as they leaped around the altar they had made. At noon Elijah began to taunt them, saying, “Shout louder, for he is a god! Perhaps he is deep in thought, or occupied, or on a journey. Perhaps he is sleeping and must be awakened!” So they shouted louder and cut themselves with knives and lances, as was their custom, until the blood gushed over them. Midday passed, and they kept on raving until the time of the evening sacrifice. But there was no response; no one answered, no one paid attention.
D.Twelve stones, four barrels three times, and the fire fallsvv. 30-40
Then Elijah said to all the people, “Come near to me.” So all the people approached him, and he repaired the altar of the LORD that had been torn down. And Elijah took twelve stones, one for each tribe of the sons of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD had come and said, “Israel shall be your name.” And with the stones, Elijah built an altar in the name of the LORD. Then he dug a trench around the altar large enough to hold two seahs of seed. Next, he arranged the wood, cut up the bull, placed it on the wood, and said, “Fill four waterpots and pour the water on the offering and on the wood.” “Do it a second time,” he said, and they did it a second time. “Do it a third time,” he said, and they did it a third time. So the water ran down around the altar and even filled the trench. At the time of the evening sacrifice, Elijah the prophet approached the altar and said, “O LORD, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, let it be known this day that You are God in Israel and that I am Your servant and have done all these things at Your command. Answer me, O LORD! Answer me, so that this people will know that You, the LORD, are God, and that You have turned their hearts back again.” Then the fire of the LORD fell and consumed the sacrifice, the wood, the stones, and the dust, and it licked up the water in the trench. When all the people saw this, they fell facedown and said, “The LORD, He is God! The LORD, He is God!” Then Elijah ordered them, “Seize the prophets of Baal! Do not let a single one escape.” So they seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the Kishon Valley and slaughtered them there.
E.A cloud like a man's hand; Elijah outruns the chariotvv. 41-46
And Elijah said to Ahab, “Go up, eat and drink, for there is the sound of a heavy rain.” So Ahab went up to eat and drink. But Elijah climbed to the summit of Carmel, bent down on the ground, and put his face between his knees. “Go and look toward the sea,” he said to his servant. So the servant went and looked, and he said, “There is nothing there.” Seven times Elijah said, “Go back.” On the seventh time the servant reported, “There is a cloud as small as a man’s hand rising from the sea.” And Elijah replied, “Go and tell Ahab, ‘Prepare your chariot and go down before the rain stops you.’” Meanwhile, the sky grew dark with clouds and wind, and a heavy rain began to fall. So Ahab rode away and went to Jezreel. And the hand of the LORD came upon Elijah, and he tucked his cloak into his belt and ran ahead of Ahab all the way to Jezreel.
1 Kings 18:15-16
Elijah swears by the title that entered Scripture at 1 Sam 1:3 and adds the formula that opened his ministry at 17:1, before whom I stand. The prophet's standing is before the LORD of armies, not before Ahab, which is why he can promise to show himself to the king who has hunted him through every kingdom. The oath settles Obadiah in one sentence.
1 Kings 18:15, 1 voiceWhat preachers and commentators have said about these verses, in their own words.
1 Kings 18:15
“Elijah swears by the Lord of hosts, who has all power in his hands, and is therefore able to protect his servants against all the powers of hell and earth. (5.) Notice is hereby soon brought to Ahab that Elijah had sent him a challenge to meet him immediately at such a place, and Ahab accepts the challenge: He went to meet Elijah,”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:16, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:16
“We may suppose it was a great surprise to Ahab to hear that Elijah, whom he had so long sought and not found, was now found without seeking. He went in quest of grass, and found him from whose word, at God's mouth, he must expect rain. Yet his guilty conscience gave him little reason to hope for it, but, rather, to fear some other more dreadful judgment.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:17-18
Ahab's greeting hands Elijah the vocabulary of Achan, the troubler whose sin at Jericho cost Israel a battle, and Elijah hands it back: I have not troubled Israel; but thou, and thy father's house. The commentators note the word is the same root the Achan story turns on, so the king is accusing the prophet of the very office the king holds. The charge sheet is specific, forsaken the commandments and followed Baalim, and the contest that follows is its trial.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:17, 4 voices
1 Kings 18:17-18
"When Ahab saw Elijah, Ahab said to him, "Is it you, you troubler of Israel?" He answered, "I have not troubled Israel; but you have, and your father's house." "It is you and your father Omri who ruined this people, because through your abominable customs …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:8patristic
1 Kings 18:17
“And it came to pass when Ahab saw Elijah,.... As soon as he came up to him, and knew who he was; Abarbinel thinks, because his hair was grown so long that Ahab did not know him certainly, and therefore put the following question: that Ahab said unto him, art thou he that troubleth Israel? by opposing the religion of Baal, which prevailed among them; but chiefly rain being withheld from them according to his word, and at his prayer.”
1 Kings 18:17
“Art thou he ... - Meaning, “Can it possibly be that thou dost venture to present thyself before me, thou that troublest Israel by means of this terrible drought?” The charge of “troubling” had never before been brought against anyone but Achan (marginal reference “e”); it was one which must have called to the prophet’s recollection Achan’s miserable fate.”
1 Kings 18:17
“But it was utterly false concerning Elijah; so far was he from being an enemy to Israel's welfare that he as the stay of it, the chariots and horsemen of Israel. Note, It has been the lot of the best and most useful men to be called and counted the troublers of the land, and to be run down as public grievances. Even Christ and his apostles were thus misrepresented, Acts xvii.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:18, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:18
“I have not troubled Israel - Here the cause of the dearth is placed on its true ground: the king and the people had forsaken the true God, and God shut up the heavens that there was no rain. Elijah was only the minister whom God used to dispense this judgment.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:18
“Elijah is not the Achan: " I have not troubled Israel, have neither done them any wrong nor designed them any hurt." Those that procure God's judgments do the mischief, not he that merely foretels them and gives warning of them, that the nation may repent and prevent them.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:19-20
Four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and four hundred of the groves, salaried at the queen's table, against one man who has been fed by ravens and a widow. Carmel is chosen ground: a headland over the sea, on the border toward Baal's Phoenician homeland, where his rain and lightning ought to be strongest. Ahab gathers all Israel to watch, which is exactly what the LORD intends.
1 Kings 18:19, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:19
"Have all Israel assemble for me at Mount Carmel." Now, it is amazing how the king obeyed Elijah, who asked him for a general gathering of the people; and how also the people obeyed him humbly, even though he bitterly reproached them for their evil …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:8patristic
1 Kings 18:19
“Carmel (Jos 12:22 note) was chosen by the prophet as the scene of the gathering to which he invited, or rather summoned, Ahab. Its thick jungles of copse and numerous dwarf-oaks and olives, would furnish abundant wood for his intended sacrifice. Here was a perennial fountain; and here again an ancient “altar of the Lord” 1Ki 18:30, belonging probably to the old times of non-idolatrous high-place worship - perhaps an erection of one of the patriarchs.”
1 Kings 18:19
“Carmel - Not that Carmel, in Judah, but another in Issachar by the midland sea, which he chose as a convenient place being not far from the center of his kingdom, to which all the tribes might conveniently resort, and at some distance from Samaria, that Jezebel might not hinder. Prophets of Baal - Who were dispersed in all the parts of the kingdom.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:20, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:20
“So Ahab sent unto all the children of Israel,.... By messengers, requiring their attendance at Mount Carmel at such a time, at least their chief and principal men: and gathered the prophets together unto Mount Carmel; the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal, but not the four hundred prophets of the groves; for of them we have no account afterwards, only of the former; it may be they were not at the command of Ahab, only of Jezebel, at whose table they ate, who would not suffer them to go.”
1 Kings 18:20
“Local tradition places the site of Elijah’s sacrifice, not on the highest point of the mountain (1,728 ft.), but at the southeastern extremity (1,600 ft.) of the ridge, where a shapeless ruin, composed of great hewn stones, and standing amid thick bushes of dwarf-oak, in the near vicinity of a perennial spring, is known to the Arabs as “El-Maharrakah,” “the burning,” or “the sacrifice.” All the circumstances of the locality adapt it for the scene of the contest.”
1 Kings 18:21
between two opinions?: The word rendered halt means to limp, and the chapter uses it twice on purpose: the people limp between two opinions here, and Baal's prophets leap, the same verb, about their altar at verse 26. Elijah's demand refuses the mixture Israel had settled into, the LORD and Baal both, which 2 Ki 17:33 will later name as the Samaritan disease, they feared the LORD, and served their own gods. The people answer not a word, because the question permits no third position.
1 Kings 18:21, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:21
“The people were mute. They could not but feel the logical force of Elijah’s argument; but they were not prepared at once to act upon it. They wished to unite the worship of Yahweh with that of Baal - to avoid breaking with the past and completely rejecting the old national worship, yet at the same time to have the enjoyment of the new rites, which were certainly sensuous, and probably impure.”
1 Kings 18:21
“The service of God and the service of sin, the dominion of Christ and the dominion of our lusts, these are the two thoughts which it is dangerous halting between.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:22-24
Elijah states the odds as he feels them, one prophet of the LORD against four hundred and fifty, though Obadiah's hundred in the caves say the arithmetic of despair is not the whole truth, and 19:18 will say it louder with seven thousand. The test he proposes gives Baal every advantage: fire is the storm god's own advertised power, and his prophets choose their bullock first. The God that answereth by fire, let him be God, and all the people call the terms fair.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:22, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:22
“When Elijah said, "I alone am left as a prophet to the Lord," he was not speaking against the just, because they were no [longer] to be found. Rather he was denouncing sinners, because they had done away with [the just]. He did not wish …”
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· COMMENTARY ON TATIAN'S DIATESSARON 7.14patristic
1 Kings 18:22
“Then said Elijah unto the people, I, even I only remain a prophet of the Lord,.... At least as he thought, all the rest being slain, as he supposed; however there were none present but himself: but Baal's prophets are four hundred and fifty men; which were very great odds he had to contend with.”
1 Kings 18:22
“I only, remain a prophet of the Lord - That is, I am the only prophet of God present, and can have but the influence of an individual; while the prophets of Baal are four hundred and fifty men! It appears that the queen’s prophets, amounting to four hundred, were not at this great assembly; and these are they whom we meet with 1Ki 22:6, and whom the king consulted relative to the battle at Ramoth-gilead.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:24, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:24
“The God that answereth by fire - Elijah gave them every advantage when he granted that the God who answered by fire should be acknowledged as the true God; for as the Baal who was worshipped here was incontestably Apollo, or the sun, he was therefore the god of fire, and had only to work in his own element.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:24
“Elijah does not say, The God that answers by water, tho' that was the thing the country needed, but that answers by fire, let him be God; because the atonement was to be made, before the judgment could be removed. The God therefore that has power to pardon sin, and to signify that by consuming the sin-offering, must needs be the God that can relieve us against the calamity.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:25-26
From morning until noon the name of Baal is called on by four hundred and fifty professionals, and the narrator's verdict is a silence in three words: no voice, nor any that answered. They leap upon the altar, limping about it in the ritual dance the verb of verse 21 already mocked. The reader has been shown the whole morning so that the evening's thirty-second prayer will stand against it.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:25, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:25
“Elijah gives precedence in everything to the Baal-priests, to take away all ground for cavil in case of failure. It is his object to make an impression on king and people; and he feels rightly that the impression will depend greatly on the contrast between their inability and the power given to him.”
1 Kings 18:25
“They got their sacrifices ready; and we may well imagine what a noise 450 men made, when they cried as one man, and with all their might, O Baal! hear us, O Baal! answer us; as it is in the margin: and this for some hours together, longer than Diana's worshippers made their cry, Great is Diana of the Ephesians, Acts xix.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:26, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:26
"They limped about the altar that they had made." This means they had cut the bull in pieces and passed among the pieces lying on the altar by going from side to side. The Scripture shows us another image of this in the sacrifice of …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:26patristic
1 Kings 18:27
At noon Elijah turns satirist: perhaps your god is talking, or pursuing, or on a road, or asleep and must be awaked. Every jibe lands on something Baal's own myths claimed, a god who travels, hunts, and dies into the earth for a season, so the mockery is aimed theology rather than mere abuse. Scripture rarely laughs; when it does, it laughs at idols, as Ps 115 and Isa 44 do at length.
1 Kings 18:27, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:27
“The object of Elijah’s irony was two-fold; (1) to stimulate the priests to greater exertions, and so to make their failure more complete, and (2) to suggest to the people that such failure would prove absolutely that Baal was no God.”
1 Kings 18:28-29
The knives and lancets are their manner, self-wounding to force a god's attention, the precise practice Deut 14:1 forbade Israel because sons of the LORD do not bargain in blood. The frenzy runs past midday to the hour of the evening sacrifice, and the narrator closes the audit with a triple silence: neither voice, nor any to answer, nor any that regarded. The time stamp matters; the true altar's hour is about to keep the true altar's schedule.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:28, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:28
“And they cried aloud,.... Trying to make him hear, if possible: and cut themselves after their manner with knives and lancets, till the blood gushed out upon them; so the priests of Heathen deities used to slash themselves on their shoulders, arms, and thighs, in their devotions to them, as many writers observe (z), fancying their gods were delighted with human blood; particularly the priests of Bellona (a), and the worshippers of the Syrian goddess (b), and of the Egyptian Isis (c). (z) Vid. Kipping. Antiqu. Roman. l. 1. c. 10. p. 202. (a) Tertul Apolog. c. 9. Lactant.”
1 Kings 18:28
“God never required his worshippers thus to honour him; but the service of the devil, though in some instances it pleases and pampers the body, yet in other things it is really cruel to it, as in envy and drunkenness. It seems, this was the manner of the worshippers of Baal. God expressly forbade his worshippers to cut themselves, Deut. xiv.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:29, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:29
“And they prophesied - Compare 1Ki 22:12. The expression seems to be used of any case where there was an utterance of words by persons in a state of religious ecstasy. Until the time of the offering etc - Rather, “Until toward the time.” Elijah had built his altar by the actual time of the offering 1Ki 18:36.”
1 Kings 18:30-32
he repaired the altar: Before fire can fall, a broken altar must be mended, and Elijah rebuilds it with twelve stones at the moment the nation has been ten tribes and two for sixty years. The stones cite Jacob by name, unto whom the word of the LORD came, saying, Israel shall be thy name, so the prophet of the northern kingdom sacrifices on behalf of an Israel that no royal border defines. The trench of two measures is dug for water no drought-stricken hillside could spare.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:30, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:30
“He repaired the altar of the Lord - There had been an altar of Jehovah in that place, called, even among the heathens, the altar of Carmel, probably built in the time of the judges, or, as the rabbins imagine, by Saul. Tacitus and Suetonius mention an altar on Mount Carmel, which Vespasian went to consult; there was no temple nor statue, but simply an altar that was respectable for its antiquity. “Est Judaeam inter Syriamque Carmelus; ita vocant montem Deumque: nec simulachrum Deo, aut templum situm tradidere majores: aram tantum, et reverentiam.” - Tacit. Hist. lib. ii., c.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:30
“Probably on that mountain they had an eminent high place, where formerly the pure worship of God had been kept up as well as it could be any where but at Jerusalem.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:31, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:31
“And Elijah took twelve stones, according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Jacob,.... Which he might very easily come at from the mountain: unto whom the word of the Lord came, saying, Israel shall be thy name, which signifies one that has power with God, as Jacob had, when the word came to him to make a change in his name at Penuel, Gen 32:28, and as Elijah hoped and believed he should have at this time, being a prophet, and a worshipper of Israel's God.”
1 Kings 18:31
“Though ten of the tribes had revolted to Baal, he would look upon them as belonging to God still, by virtue of the ancient covenant with their fathers: and, though those ten were unhappily divided from the other two in civil interest, yet in the worship of the God of Israel they had communion with each other, and they twelve were one.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:32, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:32
“And with the stones he built an altar in the same of the Lord,.... Whom the twelve tribes had formerly worshipped; and though now divided in their civil state, yet ought to be united in the worship of God: and he made a trench about the altar, as great as would contain two measures of seed; or two seahs, one of which was the third part of an ephah, and two of them were more than half a bushel; and this trench or ditch round the altar was as broad as such a measure of seed would sow.”
1 Kings 18:32
“Twelve barrels of water (probably sea-water, for the sea was near, and so much fresh water in this time of drought was too precious for him to be so prodigal of it), thrice four, he poured upon his sacrifice, to prevent the suspicion of any fire under (for, if there had been any, this would have put it out), and to make the expected miracle the more illustrious.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:33-35
Four barrels, poured three times, until the wood is soaked, the trench full, and every suspicion of hidden fire drowned; in the third year of drought, water is the costliest thing on the mountain. Elijah spends it like a man removing every explanation but one. The commentators note Carmel's springs and the nearby sea as the likely source, which answers the practical question without shrinking the extravagance.
1 Kings 18:33, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:33-34
“Moreover, if anyone has not been baptized, let him be converted all the more securely by receiving the remission of his sins, [so that baptism] as a kind of fire may consume his sins, because Christ baptizes in fire and spirit. Hence, you read of this type in the books of Kings, where Elijah placed wood upon the altar and told them to pour water on it from urns. "And he said, 'Do the same the second time.' And they did it the second time.”
Ambrose of Milan· written before 397· On Elijah and Fasting, Chapter 22, 83patristic
1 Kings 18:33
“And he put the wood in order ... - He obeyed, that is, all the injunctions of the Law with respect to the offering of a burned sacrifice (marginal reference). He thus publicly taught that the ordinances of the Law were binding upon the kingdom of Israel. Barrels - Rather, “pitchers” or “water-jars,” such as the maidens used to carry on their heads (Gen 24:14-20. Compare Jdg 7:16, Jdg 7:19).”
1 Kings 18:33
“If we, in sincerity, offer our hearts to God, he will, by his grace, kindle a holy fire in them. Elijah was no priest, nor were his attendants Levites. Carmel had neither tabernacle nor temple; it was a great way distant from the ark of the testimony and the place God had chosen; this was not the altar that sanctified the gift; yet never was any sacrifice more acceptable to God than this.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:34, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:34
“And he said, do it the second time, and they did it the second time,.... That is, poured four barrels of water more upon the wood: and he said, do it the third time, and they did it the third time; so that there were in all twelve barrels of water poured on the wood, agreeably to the number of the twelve stones the altar was built with, and may have respect to the same as they.”
1 Kings 18:35, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:35
“And the water ran round about the altar,.... There being such a large effusion of it on it; and he filled the trench also with water; which surrounded the altar, so that it seemed impracticable that any fire should kindle upon it; and this gave full proof and demonstration there could be no collusion in this matter.”
1 Kings 18:36-37
LORD, God of Abraham: At the hour of the evening sacrifice Elijah prays about sixty words against Baal's wasted day: no shouting, no blood, no dance. The prayer asks for three knowings, that thou art God in Israel, that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy word, and then names the end behind the fire, that thou hast turned their heart back again. The fire is not the goal; the turned heart is, and the prayer says so before the fire falls.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:36, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:36
“Lord God of Abraham - He thus addressed the Supreme Being, that they might know when the answer was given, that it was the same God whom the patriarchs and their fathers worshipped, and thus have their hearts turned back again to the true religion of their ancestors.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:36
“The evening sacrifice - This time he chose, that he might unite his prayers with the prayers of the godly Jews at Jerusalem, who at that time assembled together to pray. Lord God of, &c. - Hereby he shews faith in God's ancient covenant, and also reminds the people, of their relation both to God and to the patriarchs.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:36-37
“Elijah sought not his own glory but in subserviency to God's, and for his own necessary vindication. (2.) The edification of the people: " That they may know that thou art the Lord, and may experience thy grace, turning their heart, by this miracle, as a means, back again to thee, in order to thy return in a way of mercy to them." 5.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:37, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:37
“That thou hast turned their heart - The hearts of the people were turning. Elijah speaks of them as already turned, anticipating the coming change, and helping it on.”
1 Kings 18:38
the fire of the LORD fell: The narrator inventories the consumption: sacrifice, wood, stones, dust, and the water in the trench, licked up in the order of least to most fireproof. Fire from the LORD marked accepted worship at the tabernacle's opening (Lev 9:24) and will mark the temple's (2 Chr 7:1), so Carmel stands in a short series of inaugurations, here inaugurating nothing but the return of a nation's heart. The stones themselves burning ends any argument about a trick.
1 Kings 18:38, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:38
“In the time of Elijah, also, fire came down when he challenged the prophets of the heathen to light up the altar without fire. When they could not do so, he poured water three times over his victim, so that the water ran around about the altar; then he cried out, and the fire fell from the Lord from heaven and consumed the burnt offering. You are that victim. Contemplate in silence each single point. The breath of the Holy Spirit descends on you; he seems to burn you when he consumes your sins.”
Ambrose of Milan· written before 397· On the Duties of the Clergy 3.18.106-7patristic
1 Kings 18:38
“Then the fire of the Lord fell,.... An extraordinary fire from God out of heaven, as the effects of it show: and consumed the burnt sacrifice; as it had done in former instances, Lev 9:24, and besides this, which is still more extraordinary, and the wood, and the stones, and the dust; of the altar, thereby signifying that even such were not to be used any more: and licked up the water that was in the trench; around the altar, see 1Ki 18:32.”
1 Kings 18:38
“Then the fire of the Lord fell - It did not burst out from the altar; this might still, notwithstanding the water, have afforded some ground for suspicion that fire had been concealed, after the manner of the heathens, under the altar.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:39
The people's cry, The LORD, he is the God, said twice, is the exact meaning of Elijah's own name, my God is the LORD, so the crowd's confession pronounces the prophet's name back over him. The commentators have loved that detail since the fathers, and it is philology rather than fancy: Eliyahu carries the sentence in its syllables. Verse 21's silence is answered; the limping has, for one evening, stopped.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:39, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:39
“They fell - In acknowledgment of the true God. He is God - He alone; and Baal is a senseless idol. And they double the words, to note their abundant satisfaction and assurance of the truth of their assertion.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:39
“Some, we hope, had their hearts thus turned back, but the generality of them were convinced only, not converted, yielded to the truth of God, that he is the God, but consented not to his covenant, that he should be theirs. Blessed are those that have not seen what they saw and yet have believed and been wrought upon by it more than those that saw it.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:40
The slaughter of the prophets executes the law of Deut 13:5 and 18:20, which made leading Israel after other gods a capital matter, and Elijah acts where the king who should have would not. The place carries its own memory: Kishon is the brook that swept away Sisera's chariots in Deborah's song, and it now closes over Baal's prophets. The exposition states the law and the deed and passes no verdict of its own beyond them.
1 Kings 18:40, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:40
"Elijah brought them down to the Wadi Kishon, and cut their throats there." There is no doubt that the people rose against the prophets of shame and brought them before Elijah. But it is not entirely clear who killed them. The Scripture says that Elijah …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:40patristic
1 Kings 18:40
“Elijah said - He takes the opportunity, whilst the peoples hearts were warm with the fresh sense of this great miracle. The brook Kishon - That their blood might be poured into that river, and thence conveyed into the sea, and might not defile the holy land.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:40
“If Jehovah be the true God, Baal is a false God, to whom these Israelites had revolted, and seduced others to the worship of him; and therefore, by the express law of God, they were to be put to death, Deut. xiii.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:41-44
Elijah hears rain while the sky is still brass, and sends Ahab to eat while he himself climbs to pray. The posture is a laborer's, face between his knees, and the method is persistence: seven times the servant looks toward the sea before a cloud the size of a man's hand rises, and Jas 5:17-18 builds its whole doctrine of effectual prayer on this scene by name. The man who called fire with one sentence prays seven rounds for rain that was already promised at verse 1, which is the chapter's quiet lesson on how promises are carried.
The wording quoted in this note is the King James Version.
1 Kings 18:41, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:41
"Elijah said to Ahab, 'Go up, eat and drink; for there is a sound of rushing rain.' " Elijah, after acknowledging that the people, thanks to the miracle that he had showed them, had turned away from their evil thoughts, and that the priests of …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:40patristic
1 Kings 18:41
“Eat, &c. - Take comfort, and refresh thyself: for neither the king, nor any of the people could have leisure to eat, being wholly intent upon the decision of the great controversy. For there is, &c. - The rain is as certainly coming, as if you heard the noise which it makes.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:42, 2 voices
1 Kings 18:42
“Put his face between his knees - He kneeled down, and then bowed his head to the earth, so that, while his face was between his knees, his forehead touched the ground.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:42
“He was recommended to refresh himself without a moment's delay; and, while the king was thus occupied, the prophet, far from taking rest, was absorbed in prayer for the fulfilment of the promise (1Ki 18:1). put his face between his knees--a posture of earnest supplication still used.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:43, 1 voice
1 Kings 18:43
“Go - While I continue praying. Elijah desired to have timely notice of the first appearance of rain, that Ahab and the people might know that it was obtained from Jehovah by the prophet's prayers, and thereby be confirmed in the true religion.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 Kings 18:44, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:44
"Look, a little cloud no bigger than a person's hand is rising out of the sea." Before going up, Elijah prayed seven times. He did this, in the first place, in order to invite the people who were waiting for the rain, to meditate on …
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:44patristic
1 Kings 18:44
“There ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man’s hand. - ככף איש kechaph ish, like the hollow of a man’s hand. In the form of the hand bent, the concave side downmost. I have witnessed a resemblance of this kind at sea previously to a violent storm, a little cloud the size of a man’s hand first appearing, and this increasing in size and density every moment, till at last it covered the whole heavens, and then burst forth with incredible fury.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:44
“Behold, there ariseth a little cloud out of the sea, like a man's hand--The clearness of the sky renders the smallest speck distinctly visible; and this is in Palestine the uniform precursor of rain. It rises higher and higher, and becomes larger and larger with astonishing celerity, till the whole heaven is black, and the cloud bursts in a deluge of rain.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:45-46
The heaven that was shut for three years goes black in a paragraph, and Ahab drives for Jezreel through the first rain of his reign's fourth year. The hand of the LORD comes on Elijah and he runs the sixteen miles before the king's chariot, a herald's place, honoring the office of the man he had just defeated on the mountain. The chapter ends with prophet and king arriving at Jezebel's city together, and chapter 19 opens with what meets them there.
1 Kings 18:45, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:45-46
“In my opinion Elijah accorded a great honor to Ahab, of which he was unworthy, when he ran in front of him like a servant. And there are two reasons for this. In the first place, [the prophet intended] to comfort with his company the …”
Ephrem the Syrian· written before 373· ON THE FIRST BOOK OF KINGS 18:46patristic
1 Kings 18:45
“Ahab rode, and went to Jezreel--now Zerin, a distance of about ten miles. This race was performed in the midst of a tempest of rain. But all rejoiced at it, as diffusing a sudden refreshment over all the land of Jezreel.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:45
“If Ahab had paid the respect to Elijah that he deserved he would have taken him into his chariot, as the eunuch did Philip, that he might honour him before the elders of Israel, and confer with him further about the reformation of the kingdom. But his corruptions got the better of his convictions, and he was glad to get clear of him, as Felix of Paul, when he dismi”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Kings 18:46, 3 voices
1 Kings 18:46
“Ran before Ahab - Many think that Elijah ran before the king in order to do him honor; and much learned labor has been spent on this passage in order to show that Elijah had put himself at the head of a company of chanters who ran before the king reciting his praises, or the praises of God; a custom which still exists in Arabian countries! I believe all these entirely mistake the writer’s meaning: Ahab yoked his chariot, and made all speed to Jezreel.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Kings 18:46
“Elijah . . . girded up his loins, and ran before Ahab--It was anciently, and still is in some countries of the East, customary for kings and nobles to have runners before their chariots, who are tightly girt for the purpose.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Kings 18:46
“The hand, &c. - God gave him more than natural strength, whereby he was enabled to outrun Ahab's chariot, for so many miles together. He girded, &c. - That his garments, which were long, might not hinder him.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Where the chapter sits
1 Kings 18 falls in Divided kingdom and Elijah (chapters 13–22). The man of God from Judah; Ahijah's oracle to Jeroboam's wife; the parade of kings evaluated in formulaic regnal summaries. Elijah arrives in ch. 17 and dominates through Carmel (18), Horeb (19), Naboth's vineyard (21), and the LORD's word that stands against four hundred false prophets (22).
Carmel. ‘How long halt ye between two opinions?’ The fire of the LORD falls.
Before it: Division at Shechem, chapters 12.
The whole shape of 1 Kings→Key words
The Hebrew words this chapter turns on, by how often it uses them. Each one opens its word study.
| Word | What it means | Verses |
|---|---|---|
| אָמַרʼâmar35 times, as לֵאמֹ֑ר, וַיֹּ֤אמֶר, וַיֹּ֕אמֶר | to say | 1, 5, 7, 8 and 23 more |
| יְהֹוָהYᵉhôvâh23 times, as יְהוָ֗ה, יְהוָ֖ה, יְהוָ֑ה | yahweh | 1, 3, 4, 10 and 15 more |
| אֵלִיָּהʼÊlîyâh22 times, as אֵ֣לִיָּ֔הוּ, אֵֽלִיָּ֔הוּ, אֵלִיָּ֖הוּ | Elijah | 1, 2, 7, 8 and 16 more |
| אַחְאָבʼAchʼâb17 times, as אַחְאָ֔ב, אַחְאָ֑ב, אַחְאָב֙ | Ahab | 1, 2, 3, 5 and 11 more |
| הָלַךְhâlak16 times, as לֵ֚ךְ, וַיֵּ֙לֶךְ֙, לֵ֤ךְ | went | 1, 2, 5, 6 and 9 more |
| נָבִיאnâbîyʼ12 times, as נְבִיאֵ֣י, נְבִאִ֗ים, מִנְּבִיאֵ֨י | prophet | 4, 13, 19, 20 and 4 more |
Cross references
The 8 chapters this one speaks with, most first. Open a row for the verses it shares.
Jeremiah 143 verses
1 Kings 18:6
Jeremiah 14:3The nobles send their servants for water; they go to the cisterns, but find no water; their jars return empty. They are ashamed and humiliated; they cover their heads.1 Kings 18:5
Jeremiah 14:5Even the doe in the field deserts her newborn fawn because there is no grass.1 Kings 18:2
Jeremiah 14:18If I go out to the country, I see those slain by the sword; if I enter the city, I see those ravaged by famine! For both prophet and priest travel to a land they do not know.’”- Read Jeremiah 14 →
1 Kings 163 verses
1 Kings 18:3
1 Kings 16:9However, while Elah was in Tirzah getting drunk in the house of Arza the steward of his household there, Elah’s servant Zimri, the commander of half his chariots, conspired against him.1 Kings 18:18
1 Kings 16:31And as if it were not enough for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat, he even married Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Sidonians, and he then proceeded to serve and worship Baal.1 Kings 18:19
1 Kings 16:33Then he set up an Asherah pole. Thus Ahab did more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, to anger than all the kings of Israel before him.- Read 1 Kings 16 →
1 Kings 172 verses
1 Kings 18:10, 15, 41
1 Kings 17:1Now Elijah the Tishbite, who was among the settlers of Gilead, said to Ahab, “As surely as the LORD lives—the God of Israel before whom I stand—there will be neither dew nor rain in these years except at my word!”1 Kings 18:9
1 Kings 17:18“O man of God,” said the woman to Elijah, “what have you done to me? Have you come to remind me of my iniquity and cause the death of my son?”- Read 1 Kings 17 →
1 Kings 192 verses
1 Kings 18:22, 30
1 Kings 19:10“I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.”1 Kings 18:22, 30
1 Kings 19:14“I have been very zealous for the LORD, the God of Hosts,” he replied, “but the Israelites have forsaken Your covenant, torn down Your altars, and killed Your prophets with the sword. I am the only one left, and they are seeking my life as well.”- Read 1 Kings 19 →
The rest of the chapters this one speaks with, 4 of them, for a reader following a thread past the four above
- Matthew 102 verses
- 2 Chronicles 72 verses
- Acts 162 verses
- 1 Kings 222 verses
Cross-references from the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and OpenBible.info.
The world behind itThe place, the time and the people around this chapter, for a reader who wants the setting.
The world behind this chapter
1 Kings 18The history
Carmel is a wooded ridge running to the sea at the northwest edge of Israel, and it sat on the border between Israelite and Phoenician territory. It was a recognized holy mountain claimed by both sides, which makes it the exact right place for a contest over which god owns the country.
The numbers name the situation: four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal eating at the queen's table, which means they were on the state payroll, while a hundred of the LORD's prophets were hidden in caves by a palace official and fed on bread and water. Obadiah is a believer running Ahab's household, and the chapter does not simplify that.
The Baal ritual described is what Canaanite texts and classical writers report: a long invocation from morning to noon, a limping dance around the altar, and then cutting themselves with swords and lances until blood flowed, on the belief that self-wounding compelled the god's attention. Elijah's taunts about the god being busy, travelling, or asleep are pointed, those are the excuses Canaanite mythology itself offered for a silent Baal.
The counter-ritual is stripped and deliberate: twelve stones for twelve tribes to rebuild a broken altar, a trench dug around it, the wood and sacrifice soaked three times with jars of water hauled up from the sea. Then a short prayer, not a performance. Afterward the false prophets are executed at the brook Kishon, which drains the Jezreel plain, and Elijah climbs back up, crouches with his head between his knees, and sends a servant to look toward the sea seven times for a cloud the size of a man's hand. The run before Ahab's chariot to Jezreel is about seventeen miles downhill through the plain.
What it meant to them
The question Elijah opens with is the one aimed at the crowd, not the prophets: how long will you go limping between two opinions? They were not choosing Baal instead. They were keeping both, and the chapter says that was the disease.
The people's cry at the end, the LORD, he is God, is the meaning of Elijah's own name. For the first hearers, that was the verdict of a national trial held in public with the evidence in plain sight.
Sources cited
- John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews & Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
- Keil & Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Books of Kings
Where this chapter leads
Studies7
On this chapter
On this book
Trails1
Subjects1
The text of this chapter
This page carries no textual note on 1 Kings 18. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →
This page draws on 12 works. Open for the list.
This page draws on Adam Clarke; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Alfred Edersheim, Bible History: Old Testament; Ambrose of Milan; Charles Spurgeon, The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, Sermon No. 1804: “Obadiah; or, Early Piety Eminent Piety” (lightly modernized text, CCEL edition) (1884); Ephrem the Syrian; F. W. Farrar, The First Book of Kings (Expositor's Bible); Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871); John Gill; John Wesley; Keil, The Books of the Kings and Matthew Henry.

