Exoduschapter 39
43 verses · Moses, by tradition · 15th or 13th century BC · The Law
Then they tied the rings of the breastpiece to the rings of the ephod with a cord of blue yarn, so that the breastpiece was above the waistband of the ephod and would not swing out from the ephod, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Introduction
Moses, by tradition, The Law, Exodus Overview.
This chapter makes the garments of the priests and then brings the whole of the finished work to Moses. The man these garments are made for is the same man who made the calf. It was first heard by a people who needed to see that something commanded could be carried out without failure. Listen for the phrase repeated after every item, and count how often it comes. Notice the names carried on the priest's shoulders and over his heart. The chapter ends with the first word of blessing Moses speaks in this part of the book.
Context
- Who
- Israel in the wilderness, watching every commanded item checked off in public
- What
- The making of the priestly garments and the inspection and blessing of the finished work.
- Where
- The camp at the foot of Mount Sinai, where the work was brought to Moses.
- When
- About 1446 BC on the traditional early date, with a thirteenth-century date also held, at the end of the building in the first year after the exodus.
- Why
- To show that everything God commanded for His dwelling was made exactly as He said, and approved.
Historical context
The workmen make the garments and bring the whole of the work to Moses, who inspects it, and Aaron is the man the garments are made for three chapters after he made the calf. It falls at the end of the building, in the first year after the exodus. The place is the camp at the foot of Sinai.
Show the rest of the historical context, 2 more paragraphs
The occasion is the completion of everything commanded in chapters 25 to 31, and the handing of it over.
A first hearer would have recognised the technique described at verses 2 and 3, where gold is hammered into thin sheets and cut into threads to be worked into the yarn. That method is attested in Egyptian metalwork, and this is the only place in Scripture that explains it. A first hearer also knew what engraving like a seal meant, because a seal was how a man signed. The bells around the hem have their reason at 28:35, that the high priest's sound would be heard when he went in before the LORD, so that he would live.
Significance
After the calf, Israel needed a chapter where nothing went wrong, and this is a checklist that passes. Every commanded item is made, brought and approved.
Show the rest of the significance, 1 more paragraph
The blessing at the end is the first thing Moses says to the people in these chapters that carries no correction. He looks at the work, sees it was done as commanded, and blesses them.
This chapter in Jewish lifeWhat this chapter is in Jewish life and reading.
How it is read
The garments are made, the work is brought to Moses, and he blesses the people. Four commentators stand in the corpus for this chapter. Rashi argues from a missing material that the garments of service listed first were coverings for the holy vessels rather than priestly clothing, since linen is absent here (Rashi on Exodus 39:1:1). Sforno reports what little is known of them, that the picture on each showed which object it was to cover (Sforno on Exodus 39:1:1, from Eliyahu Munk, HaChut Hameshulash, CC-BY). Rashi then explains how gold was worked into cloth. Thin plates were beaten out, threads were cut along their length, and the threads were mixed with the wool (Rashi on Exodus 39:3:1). Sforno reads the same verse of the donors and the craftsman in turn (Sforno on Exodus 39:3:1 and 39:3:2). Ramban reads the pomegranates as made separately and then put around the bottom of the robe (Ramban on Exodus 39:24:1, the Chavel translation, CC-BY). He holds that the tunics of Aaron and of his sons were identical, argued from the wording of Exodus 28:39 and 28:40 (Ramban on Exodus 39:27:1). He also notes that the lampstand of the sanctuary carried seven lamps set in order at dusk (Ramban on Exodus 39:37:1). The traditional insight most readers meet first is on the bringing of the work to Moses. Rashi says the people were unable to raise the tabernacle because of the weight of the boards. God left the task to Moses, who had done no work on it (Rashi on Exodus 39:33:1). At the blessing Rashi gives the words Moses used. They are a prayer that God's presence rest on the work of their hands, in the wording of Psalm 90:17 (Rashi on Exodus 39:43:1, citing Sifra, Shemini, Mechilta d'Miluim 2 15 and Numbers Rabbah 12:9). Rashi is quoted from the Rosenbaum and Silbermann edition of 1929 to 1934, public domain. Ibn Ezra comments at eight places from Exodus 39:1:1 to 39:33:1, Malbim at Exodus 39:42:1, and Sforno at Exodus 39:43:1, all cited by reference.
What the rabbis say
The corpus records forty places where the Midrash and the Talmud draw on this chapter, cited here by reference. The breastplate and the robe are read in Zevachim at 88b:2 and 88b:3, and in Yoma at 71b:10 and 72a:2. Sotah 9b:22 reads the bells, and Tamid 27b:1 the tunics. The golden plate of the thirtieth verse is read at Gittin 20a:13 and 20b:1, and at Shir HaShirim Rabbah 4:12:2. Midrash Lekach Tov follows the work at Exodus 39:1:1, 39:3:1, 39:21:1, 39:21:2, 39:28:1, 39:29:1 and 39:33:1. Midrash Aggadah reads it at Exodus 39:1:1, 39:1:2, 39:33:1, 39:43:1 and 39:43:2. The Jerusalem Talmud reads the weaving and the caps at Berakhot 1:1:23, Kilayim 9:1:5, Shabbat 2:3:2 and Megillah 1:12:3. The bringing of the work to Moses stands at Bamidbar Rabbah 12:9, 12:13 and Midrash Tanchuma, Pekudei 10:1. Bereshit Rabbah reads the chapter at 4:2 and 85:9, and Pesikta Rabbati at 33:1.
Sources: Rashi, Rashi on Exodus 39:1 to 39:43, the Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A. M. Silbermann, 1929 to 1934, public domain, 1040 to 1105; Ramban, Ramban on Exodus 39:24:1, 39:27:1, 39:37:1 and 39:42:1, Commentary on the Torah translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel, Shilo, New York, 1971 to 1976, CC-BY, 1194 to 1270; Sforno, Sforno on Exodus 39:1:1, 39:3:1, 39:3:2 and 39:5:1, Eliyahu Munk, HaChut Hameshulash, CC-BY, and Sforno on Exodus 39:43:1 cited by reference, 1475 to 1550; Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra on Exodus 39:1:1 to 39:33:1, eight places cited by reference, CC-BY-NC, 1089 to 1164; Malbim, Malbim on Exodus 39:42:1, cited by reference, no English version in the corpus; Sifra, Shemini, Mechilta d'Miluim 2 15, as Rashi cites it; Numbers Rabbah, 12:9, as Rashi cites it; The Sefaria corpus, scripts/data/sources/sefaria/exodus/39.json, fetched 2026-09-19, 2026; MannaFest, the commentators and their dates, src/app/featured/the-jewish-writings/page.tsx, 2026.
The heads below are this chapter's scenes. The numbered points under each are its verses.
Making the Ephod
they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary: The chapter opens on the woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary. The Hebrew root behind service is the one Exodus 1:14 uses over and over for the bondage in Egypt. Exodus begins with service to Pharaoh and closes with service to God.
Exodus 39:1
“It is said of those that are arrayed in white robes that they are before the throne of God, and serve him day and night in his temple, Rev. vii. Holy garments were not made for men to sleep in, or to strut in, but to do service in; and then they are indeed for glory and beauty.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
Exodus 39:2-3
Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen: They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them for the yarn. This is the only place in Scripture that describes how such thread was made.
Exodus 39:2
“Ephod - See this described, Exo 25:7 (note).”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
hammered out thin sheets of gold: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown cite Taylor that cloth of gold appears on the Egyptian monuments and has been found around mummies. They leave open whether such gold threads were woven in with the yarn or embroidered on. This verse has the threads woven in.
Exodus 39:3
“They did beat the gold into thin plates - For the purpose, as it is supposed, of cutting it into wires (פתילם) or threads; for to twist or twine is the common acceptation of the root פתל pathal. I cannot suppose that the Israelites had not then the art of making gold thread, as they possessed several ornamental arts much more difficult: but in the present instance, figures made in a more solid form than that which could have been effected by gold thread, might have been required.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Exodus 39:3
"Cloth of golden tissue is not uncommon on the monuments, and specimens of it have been found rolled about mummies; but it is not easy to determine whether the gold thread was originally interwoven or subsequently inserted by the embroiderer" [TAYLOR].
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Exodus 39:4-7
They made shoulder pieces for the ephod: Two onyx stones on the ephod's shoulders are engraved like a seal with the names of the sons of Israel. The text gives the reason, as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron carries the whole nation on him wherever he goes in this garment.
of one piece with the ephod: The waistband is woven as one piece with the ephod, as Exodus 28:8 ordered, so the garment and its band are one cloth. Adam Clarke ties the refrain to Exodus 25:40, the order to make everything by the pattern shown on the mountain. The ephod is finished first.
Exodus 39:5
“And (lastly) he crowned himself with holiness to the Lord, consecrating his whole undertaking to the honour of his Father's holiness: now consider how great this man is. (2.) True believers are spiritual priests. The clean linen with which all their clothes of service must be made is the righteousness of saints ( Rev. xix.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
mounted the onyx stones: Exodus 35:27 says the leaders brought the onyx stones and the other gems for the ephod and breastpiece. Adam Clarke suggests the onyx may be the Egyptian pebble and sends the reader to Exodus 28:17. Gold filigree holds each stone.
Exodus 39:6
“Onyx stones - Possibly the Egyptian pebble. See Exo 25:7, and Exo 28:17, etc.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
as memorial stones for the sons of Israel: The refrain as the LORD had commanded Moses closes this verse, as it closed verses 1 and 5. The engraved names of verse 6 keep Israel before the LORD. Matthew Henry reads the refrain as a rule for worship, which stands as the LORD gave it.
Making the Breastplate
Exodus 39:8-14
He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod: The breastpiece carries the names again on twelve stones. Exodus 28:29 says Aaron bears them over his heart when he enters the Holy Place.
a span long and a span wide: The breastpiece is small, a span each way, and verses 10 to 13 set twelve engraved stones on it. Exodus 28:16 gave the same measure, square and doubled. Adam Clarke explains the stones at Exodus 28:17.
four rows of gemstones: The gemstones follow the order set at 28:17, four rows of three stones, and this chapter names them in the same order. Adam Clarke explains each stone in his notes on that earlier verse. The twelve stones carry the twelve tribes, by verse 14.
Exodus 39:10
“And they set in it four rows of stones - See all these precious stones particularly explained in the notes on Exo 28:17 (note), etc.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
the second row had a turquoise: Adam Clarke explains why the list is repeated in full. Moses records each stone and each piece to show that all was made just as the LORD had commanded. The second row matches 28:18 stone for stone.
the third row had a jacinth: Twelve stones in four rows of three set three tribes to a row. Numbers 2 camps the same twelve tribes in four groups of three around the tabernacle. Exodus 28:19 gives this third row in the same order.
mounted in gold filigree settings: The fourth row closes the twelve, and every stone sits in a gold filigree setting like the onyx stones of verse 6. Gold filigree work returns in verses 16 and 18. Gold holds every stone the priest wears.
engraved like a seal: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown describe the Egyptian seal ring, a stone cut with its owner's name and a sign that he served God. Each stone here carries the name of one tribe. Exodus 28:21 gave this order.
Exodus 39:15-21
For the breastpiece they made braided chains like cords of pure gold: Rings, braided chains and a cord of blue yarn bind the breastpiece to the ephod. The paragraph ends on its one purpose clause among seven verses of fastenings, that it would not swing out from the ephod.
two gold filigree settings and two gold rings: Verses 16 to 21 fasten the breastpiece at four points, two rings at the upper corners and two at the lower. This verse sets the upper pair. Exodus 28:23 ordered rings for these two corners.
fastened the two gold chains: The two chains run from the upper rings of the breastpiece toward the shoulders. Exodus 28:24 gave the same order. The breastpiece with its twelve names hangs from the shoulder pieces that carry the two onyx stones.
attaching them to the shoulder pieces: The chains attach at the front of the shoulder pieces, so the breastpiece hangs on the chest from above. Exodus 28:25 gave this order. Its weight rests on the shoulders.
on the inside edge next to the ephod: The lower corners take their rings on the inside edge, where they face the ephod behind the breastpiece. Exodus 28:26 gave the same place. Verse 21 ties these rings down.
just above its woven waistband: The last pair of rings goes on the ephod itself, low on the shoulder pieces and just above the waistband. Exodus 28:27 gave this place. These rings anchor the lower edge.
with a cord of blue yarn: The cord that ties the breastpiece is blue yarn, and verse 31 uses a blue cord again to tie the gold plate to the turban. Exodus 28:28 gave this cord. The refrain closes the breastpiece as it closed the ephod at verse 5.
Robe, Tunics, and the Holy Crown
Exodus 39:22-26
They made the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth: The robe is all of blue, and gold bells hang between pomegranates on the hem. Exodus 28:35 gives the reason, that the sound is heard when he enters or exits the sanctuary, so that he will not die.
an opening in the center of the robe: Adam Clarke takes the garment of comparison as a coat of mail, a light shirt of small iron rings over the neck and breast. The robe's opening was made like the neck of that shirt. Exodus 28:32 gave this order.
Exodus 39:23
“As the hole of a habergeon - The habergeon or hauberk was a small coat of mail, something in form of a half shirt, made of small iron rings curiously united together. It covered the neck and breast, was very light, and resisted the stroke of a sword. Sometimes it went over the whole head as well as over the breast. This kind of defensive armor was used among the Asiatics, particularly the ancient Persians, among whom it is still worn. It seems to have been borrowed from the Asiatics by the Norman crusaders.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
They made pomegranates: The pomegranates are made of the four materials of the ephod, blue, purple and scarlet yarn with finely spun linen. Exodus 28:33 set them around the hem. Matthew Henry reads the robe and its ornaments as garments made for service.
bells of pure gold: The bells are pure gold, the metal of the chains and the plate, and they hang between pomegranates of yarn. Exodus 28:33-34 ordered a gold bell and a pomegranate all around the hem. Metal and cloth alternate.
to be worn for ministry: The robe is made to be worn for ministry, and Matthew Henry notes that holy garments were made for service. In service, he says, they had their glory and beauty. The refrain closes the robe.
Exodus 39:27-29
For Aaron and his sons they made tunics of fine linen: Aaron and his sons share the linen turban, headbands, undergarments and embroidered sash. The sons wear linen while the gold, the stones and the engraved plate belong to Aaron, so the chapter grades the priesthood by its cloth.
the ornate headbands and undergarments: The linen undergarments were ordered at Exodus 28:42-43 for every time the priests entered the Tent of Meeting or approached the altar. John Wesley reads the clean linen of these garments as the righteousness of the saints. Linen covers the priest throughout.
the sash of finely spun linen: The sash is the one piece of these linen garments worked with blue, purple and scarlet yarn. John Calvin reads the splendour of the priestly dress as a picture set before the eyes of what faith was to see in Jesus Christ. The refrain closes the sons' garments.
Exodus 39:30-31
the plate of the holy crown of pure gold: A gold plate engraved HOLY TO THE LORD is tied to the turban. Exodus 28:38 gives its purpose, so that he may bear the iniquity of the holy things.
Exodus 39:30
“The holy crown of pure gold - On Asiatic monuments, particularly those that appear in the ruins of Persepolis and on many Egyptian monuments, the priests are represented as wearing crowns or tiaras, and sometimes their heads are crowned with laurel. Cuper observes, that the priests and priestesses, among the ancient Greeks, were styled στεφανοφοροι, or crown-bearers, because they officiated having sometimes crowns of gold, at others, crowns of laurel, upon their heads.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
they fastened to it a blue cord: The blue cord held the gold plate engraved HOLY TO THE LORD on the front of the turban, as 28:36 to 37 had commanded. John Wesley applies the plate to every believer, with holiness to the LORD written plainly for all to see. With it the holy garments are complete.
Moses Inspects and Blesses the Work
So all the work for the tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting, was completed: Genesis 2:1 reads Thus the heavens and the earth were completed, and this verse opens with the same construction over a tent. The echo runs into 39:43 and 40:33, where Moses finished the work as God finished His at Genesis 2:2.
Exodus 39:32
“Did according to all that the Lord commanded Moses - This refers to the command given Exo 25:40; and Moses has taken care to repeat every thing in the most circumstantial detail, to show that he had conscientiously observed all the directions he had received.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Exodus 39:32
“Thus was all the work finished - In not much more than five months. Though there was a great deal of fine work, such as used to be the work of time, embroidering, and engraving, not only in gold, but in precious stones, yet they went through with it in a little time, and with the greatest exactness imaginable.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Exodus 39:33-41
Then they brought the tabernacle to Moses: Everything is carried to Moses and listed piece by piece, from the tent to the courtyard. John Gill reads the bringing as an inspection, so Moses could see whether the work matched the pattern shown on the mountain. The list closes on the woven garments, where the chapter began.
Exodus 39:33
“And they brought the tabernacle unto Moses,.... That is, the several parts of it before it was put together, with all its furniture, and everything appertaining to it; which are examined in the order in which they were directed to be made, from hence to the end of Exo 39:42 and this was done, that Moses might inspect the whole, and see whether it was done according to the pattern shown him, and the instructions he had given to the workmen.”
1 more voice on this verse
Exodus 39:33
“Thus they showed respect to Moses, who was set over them in the Lord; not objecting that Moses did not understand such work, and therefore that there was no reason for submitting it to his judgment.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
the covering of ram skins dyed red: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown take the rams' skins dyed red as a kind of red morocco leather. The fine leather they trace, after Goss, to the skin of the dugong of the Red Sea. Exodus 26:14 ordered both coverings.
with its poles and the mercy seat: Exodus 25:21 ordered the mercy seat set on top of the ark and the Testimony put inside. Here the parts arrive apart, and John Gill notes that everything was brought before it was put together. Moses joins them at Exodus 40:20.
the Bread of the Presence: is brought with the table, ready before the tent stands. Moses arranges it on the table before the LORD at Exodus 40:23. John Gill reads the bringing as an inspection.
the oil for the light: Adam Clarke explains the row of lamps as lamps set in order, trimmed and filled with fresh oil each day for the evening light. The oil is brought to Moses with the lampstand. Exodus 27:20 ordered it pressed from olives.
Exodus 39:37
“The pure candlestick - See Clarke’s note on Exo 25:31. The lamps to be set in order - To be trimmed and fresh oiled every day, for the purpose of being lighted in the evening. See Clarke’s note on Exo 27:21.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
the anointing oil, the fragrant incense: The anointing oil and the fragrant incense were named in the commission at Exodus 31:11. Exodus 37:29 records Bezalel making both, the work of a perfumer. They come to Moses beside the gold altar.
the basin with its stand: The two bronze vessels of the courtyard arrive together, the altar with its grating and poles and the basin with its stand. Their bronze was counted at Exodus 38:29-30, and the basin's came from the women's mirrors at 38:8. Moses sets both outside the tent at Exodus 40:29-30.
its ropes and tent pegs: The list runs down to the ropes and the tent pegs, which Exodus 35:18 named among the things the skilled workers were to make. Matthew Henry notes that the people submitted every piece to the judgment of Moses. He was set over them.
the holy garments for Aaron the priest: The garments come in two sets, the holy garments for Aaron and the garments his sons wore to serve as priests. Exodus 40:13-14 dresses them in that order. John Wesley reads all true believers as spiritual priests.
The Israelites had done all the work: The refrain just as the LORD had commanded Moses falls at verses 1, 5, 7, 21, 26, 29 and 31. This verse gathers it into one, the report that this time the people did exactly as told.
And Moses inspected all the work: The sentence is built like Genesis 1:31, where God looked upon all that He had made. Here the verdict falls on obedience, they had accomplished it just as the LORD had commanded.
Exodus 39:43
“And Moses did look upon all the work - As being the general superintendent of the whole, under whom Bezaleel and Aholiab were employed, as the other workmen were under them. They had done it as the Lord had commanded - Exactly according to the pattern which Moses received from the Lord, and which he laid before the workmen to work by. And Moses blessed them - Gave them that praise which was due to their skill, diligence, and fidelity. See this meaning of the original word in the note on Gen 2:3 (note).”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
How this psalm is built
The form: Building record for the priestly garments, closing with the delivery of the whole work to Moses and his inspection of it, as site classes it.
The patterns in this chapter
| Device | What it does | Where to see it |
|---|---|---|
| Just as the LORD had commanded Moses | The line closes item after item through the chapter. The phrase just as the LORD had commanded Moses or him stands eighteen times in Exodus, counted in the Berean text of this store. Eight of them are in this chapter and eight more in chapter 40. The repetition is the report itself. | Exodus 39:1, Exodus 39:21, Exodus 39:29, Exodus 39:42 |
| The names carried twice | Two onyx stones on the shoulders of the ephod carry the names of the sons of Israel at verses 6 and 7, engraved like a seal. Twelve stones on the breastpiece carry the same names again at verse 14. Exodus 28:29 says Aaron bears them on his heart when he goes into the holy place, so the nation rides on his shoulders and over his chest at once. | Exodus 39:6, Exodus 39:7, Exodus 39:14 |
| The garment graded by its cloth | Aaron gets the gold, the engraved stones and the plate of the holy crown. His sons get tunics of fine linen at verse 27. The chapter grades the priesthood by what each man wears and never says why. | Exodus 39:27, Exodus 39:30 |
The chapter closes the work of building, and it closes it with an echo of the first chapter of the Bible. Verse 32 says all the work was completed, which is built like Genesis 2:1. Verse 43 has Moses inspecting the work and seeing that it was done as commanded, which is built like Genesis 1:31. Moses then blesses them, as God blessed the seventh day at Genesis 2:3. The instructions themselves came in seven divine speeches across chapters 25 to 31, and the seventh of them, at 31:12, was the Sabbath.
10 more paragraphs on the patterns
The Hebrew root behind the word for service in verse 1 is the root used five times over in Exodus 1:14 for the bondage in Egypt. Exodus opens with a people serving Pharaoh with rigour and closes with an order of service to God, and the same word stands at both ends of the book.
The New Testament's use
The bells of verses 25 and 26 have their reason given at Exodus 28:35, that Aaron's sound would be heard when he went into the holy place before the LORD, so that he would live. The high priest is heard before he is seen. Ezekiel 44:17 and 44:18 keep linen as the ministering cloth in the temple Ezekiel is shown. The garments as a whole are what Hebrews 9 works from when it reads the first tabernacle and its priesthood.
The debated point
The twelve stones of verses 10 to 13 are named in the Berean as ruby, topaz, emerald, turquoise, sapphire, diamond, jacinth, agate, amethyst, beryl, onyx and jasper. Adam Clarke holds that several of them can no longer be identified with confidence, and sends the reader back to Exodus 28:17 for the discussion. The ancient names describe stones by colour and hardness rather than by the mineral classes a modern jeweller uses, so a translation has to choose. This row names the Berean's list and marks the identification as uncertain.
The detail worth noticing
The making account never mentions the Urim and the Thummim that Exodus 28:30 puts inside the breastpiece. Leviticus 8:8 is where Moses sets them in. The pouch is made here and its contents arrive in another book.
The word rendered memorial at verse 7 first occurs in Scripture at Exodus 3:15, where God applies it to His own name. Here what is carried in memorial is the name of every tribe, and Aaron goes nowhere in the garment without the whole nation on him.
Where to go deeper
The office these garments belong to is set out at the priest and at royal priesthood. No page on Aaron stands under /featured, though Miriam has one at Miriam, and the page is listed as owed.
Keep studying
Studies4
Sources for this chapter
The summary
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory; John Calvin, Commentaries; John Wesley, Notes on the Old Testament and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.
The context
Keil, The Books of the Kings and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible.
The form and classifications
This site.
The exposition
Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Services; Chuck Missler, Learn the Bible in 24 Hours; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; John Calvin; John Gill; John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Keil and Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament: The Pentateuch and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible.