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Exodus 10:1

in Exodus 10

Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them,

BSB

The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾

ASV

And Jehovah said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs in the midst of them,

KJV

And the Lord said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him:

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This verse in Exodus 10

Commentary

2 notes on this verse

A commentator

Adam Clarke

1762–1832

Commentary on the Bible · Written before 1832.

Hardened his heart - God suffered his natural obstinacy to prevail, that he might have farther opportunities of showing forth his eternal power and Godhead.

This site's exposition

for I have hardened his heart

on Exodus 10:1-2

The reason for the whole sequence is stated here and it is instruction rather than punishment, that a man might tell in the ears of his son and his grandson what things I have wrought in Egypt. The command Go in unto Pharaoh puts this plague in the same slot as the frogs at 8:1 and the murrain at 9:1, warned in the palace rather than at the river, which is how each triad of three is built. From 9:12 the text has made the LORD the subject of the hardening and it never changes back, so 10:1, 10:20 and 10:27 all read the same way.

How the passage was read

What the Jewish commentators add

GO IN UNTO PHARAOH; FOR I HAVE HARDENED HIS HEART AND THE HEART OF HIS SERVANTS. The Holy One, blessed be He, informed Moses that it is He Who has hardened their hearts in spite of their fear of Him during the hail and their confession of sin.
Ramban: Spain, 1194–1270 · Ramban on Exodus 10:1:1, via Sefaria, Commentary on the Torah by Ramban (Nachmanides). Translated and annotated by Charles B. Chavel. New York, Shilo Pub. House, 1971-1976

This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.

Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 3 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.

The words behind it

20 Hebrew words

Every Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.

  • וַיֹּ֤אמֶרand he said

    vaiyomerH559 →5305 times

  • יְהוָה֙Yahweh

    yahwehH3068 →6520 times

  • אֶל־to

    ʾel-H413 →5510 times

  • מֹשֶׁ֔הMoses

    moshehH4872 →765 times

  • בֹּ֖אgo

    bo'H935 →2568 times

  • אֶל־to

    ʾel-H413 →5510 times

  • פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaoh

    parohH6547 →274 times

  • כִּֽי־for

    ki-H3588 →4482 times

  • אֲנִ֞יI

    ʾaniH589 →874 times

  • הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּיI have made heavy

    hikhbadtiH3513 →113 times

  • אֶת־<obj.>

    ʾet-H853 →10935 times

  • לִבּוֹ֙heart his

    liboH3820 →595 times

  • וְאֶת־and <obj.>

    veetH853 →10935 times

  • לֵ֣ב[the] heart of

    levH3820 →595 times

  • עֲבָדָ֔יוservants his

    ʾavadavH5650 →799 times

  • לְמַ֗עַןso as

    lemaanH4616 →272 times

  • שִׁתִ֛יto perform I

    shitiH7896 →83 times

  • אֹתֹתַ֥יsigns my

    ʾototaiH226 →80 times

  • אֵ֖לֶּהthese

    ʾelehH428 →746 times

  • בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃in midst his

    bekirbovH7130 →227 times

A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.

Related verses

18 in all, six open

The number beside each verse is how many compiled reference works tie it to this one. The strongest six stand open.

Exodus 4:21The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders that I have put within your power. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go.4 worksExodus 11:9The LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh will not listen to you, so that My wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.”4 worksRomans 9:17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”3 worksExodus 3:20So I will stretch out My hand and strike the Egyptians with all the wonders I will perform among them. And after that, he will release you.3 worksExodus 7:13–14Still, Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not listen to them, just as the LORD had said.3 worksExodus 7:14Then the LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is unyielding; he refuses to let the people go.3 works
The other 12 cross-references, with their words ▾
Joshua 2:9–10and said to them, “I know that the LORD has given you this land and that the fear of you has fallen on us, so that all who dwell in the land are melting in fear of you.2 works1 Samuel 4:8Woe to us! Who will deliver us from the hand of these mighty gods? These are the gods who struck the Egyptians with all kinds of plagues in the wilderness.2 worksExodus 9:16But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.2 worksExodus 9:34–35When Pharaoh saw that the rain and hail and thunder had ceased, he sinned again and hardened his heart—he and his officials.2 worksExodus 14:17–18And I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will go in after them. Then I will gain honor by means of Pharaoh and all his army and chariots and horsemen.2 worksExodus 15:14–15The nations will hear and tremble; anguish will grip the dwellers of Philistia.2 worksJoshua 4:23–24For the LORD your God dried up the waters of the Jordan before you until you had crossed over, just as He did to the Red Sea, which He dried up before us until we had crossed over.2 worksExodus 7:4Pharaoh will not listen to you. Then I will lay My hand on Egypt, and by mighty acts of judgment I will bring the divisions of My people the Israelites out of the land of Egypt.2 worksPsalms 7:11God is a righteous judge and a God who feels indignation each day.2 worksExodus 9:27Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron. “This time I have sinned,” he said. “The LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.2 worksExodus 10:27But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he was unwilling to let them go.2 worksPsalms 105:25whose hearts He turned to hate His people, to conspire against His servants.2 works

The walk

8 stops

Each card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.

  • Through

    Romans 9:17

    For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”

    it leads to

    • Exodus 9:16

      But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.

    • Proverbs 16:4

      The LORD has made everything for His purpose—even the wicked for the day of disaster.

    • Exodus 14:17–18

      And I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will go in after them. Then I will gain honor by means of Pharaoh and all his army and chariots and horsemen.

    • Exodus 10:1–2

      Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them,

  • Through

    Exodus 4:21

    The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders that I have put within your power. But I will harden his heart so that…

    it leads to

    • Romans 9:18

      Therefore God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.

    • Isaiah 63:17

      Why, O LORD, do You make us stray from Your ways and harden our hearts from fearing You? Return, for the sake of Your servants, the tribes of Your heritage.

    • Exodus 14:8

      And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt so that he pursued the Israelites, who were marching out defiantly.

    • Joshua 11:20

      For it was of the LORD to harden their hearts to engage Israel in battle, so that they would be set apart for destruction and would receive no mercy, being annihilated as the LORD…

About Exodus

The Ninth Plague. Darkness — Gustave Doré, Doré's English Bible (1866), public domain
The Ninth Plague. Darkness — Gustave Doré, Doré's English Bible (1866), public domain
Exodus: the study guide →Read Exodus 10 →

This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible.

Read on in Exodus 10 →