1 Thessalonianschapter 4
18 verses · Paul · AD 50 or 51 · Paul's letters
For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a loud command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the trumpet of God, and the dead in Christ will be the first to rise.
Introduction
Paul, Paul's letters, 1 Thessalonians Overview.
This is where the letter turns from memory to instruction. The first hearers lived in a port city where sexual freedom was ordinary and where the dead were mourned without hope. Some of their own members had died since the church began, and they feared those friends had missed what they were waiting for. Listen for the change of subject partway through, marked by the word about. The first half tells them how to live. The second half tells them what will happen to their dead.
Context
- Who
- Believers grieving members of their own group who had died before the Lord returned
- What
- Instruction on sexual holiness, brotherly love and daily work, followed by teaching on believers who have died and the coming of the Lord.
- Where
- Written from Corinth to believers in Thessalonica, a Greek port city in Macedonia.
- When
- About AD 50 to 51, a few months after the church was founded, when some of its members had already died.
- Why
- To set a new church's conduct apart from the city around it, and to comfort believers who feared their dead would miss the Lord's return.
Historical context
Sexual behavior that the church called sin was, in that city, simply normal. A married man's use of slaves, of paid women, and of the entertainment attached to festivals carried no shame at all. Telling a Greek convert to keep his own body under control was telling him to live differently from every man he knew.
Show the rest of the historical context, 3 more paragraphs
Greek grief had little to work with. Tombstones from the period say things like 'I was not, I was, I am not, I do not care', the honest voice of people who expected nothing after the grave. Funerals were loud, hired mourners were common, and the mourning period was regulated by custom.
The picture of the Lord's return is built out of a scene every citizen had watched. When an emperor or governor approached a city, the trumpet sounded, and the citizens went out through the gate to meet him on the road and escort him back in with honor. That formal welcome is the exact word behind 'to meet the Lord in the air.'
The instruction to work with their hands and mind their own affairs had a sharp local edge. Many poor citizens lived as clients, calling at a rich patron's house each morning for a handout, which bought loyalty and dependence. Paul wants a church that owes no man that kind of debt.
Significance
The believers had assumed the Lord would come before any of them died, and then some died. This chapter tells them their dead have not missed anything, they go first.
Show the rest of the significance, 1 more paragraph
The welcome-party picture would have landed instantly. They had all stood at the roadside for someone else's king. Paul tells them that one day the whole company, the dead raised and the living caught up, goes out to meet theirs.
The heads below are this chapter's scenes. The numbered points under each are its verses.
This Is God's Will: Your Sanctification
1 Thessalonians 4:1-2
we ask and encourage you in the Lord Jesus: Finally turns from Timothy's report to the walk ahead. The instructions come by the authority of the Lord Jesus, so even conduct rests on His authority. A church a few months old is treated as walking already, needing increase.
1 Thessalonians 4:1
“Furthermore then - Τὸ λοιπὸν To loipon. “As to what remains.” That is, all that remains is to offer these exhortations; see the 2Co 13:11 note; Gal 6:17 note; Eph 6:10 note; Php 4:8 note. The phrase is a formula appropriate to the end of an argument or discourse. We beseech you - Margin, “request.” The Greek is, “we ask you” - ἐρωτῶμεν erōtōmen. It is not as strong a word as that which follows. And exhort you - Marg, “beseech.” This is the word which is commonly used to denote earnest exhortation.”
the instructions we gave you: They had heard these instructions from Paul in person. Jamieson, Fausset and Brown note that the Lord marks the authority behind the rules, one that asks to be obeyed. Albert Barnes takes the rules of verses 3 to 12 as some of those same instructions, recalled.
1 Thessalonians 4:2
“He seldom uses the term in writing subsequently, when his authority was established, to other churches. 11:17; and 1Ti 1:5 (1Th 4:18, where the subject accounts for the strong expression) are the exceptions. "The Lord" marks His paramount authority, requiring implicit obedience.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Thessalonians 4:3-5
that you should be holy: God's will is stated flatly, that you should be holy, and its first application is bodily: You must abstain from sexual immorality. Verse 5 gives the contrast for converts in a pagan port: not in lustful passion like the Gentiles who do not know God.
1 Thessalonians 4:3
“For this is the will of God, even your sanctification - It is the will or command of God that you should be holy. This does not refer to the purpose or decree of God, and does not mean that he intended to make them holy - but it means that it was his command that they should be holy. It was also true that it was agreeable to the divine will or purpose that they should be holy, and that he meant to use such an influence as to secure this; but this is not the truth taught here.”
3 more voices on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:3
“For this is the will of God, even your sanctification,.... Which is another reason to enforce the above exhortation. "Sanctification" is internal or external. Internal sanctification is the work of the Spirit of God, and is a principle of spiritual life in the soul, a divine and spiritual light in the understanding, a flexion of the will to the will of God, and a settlement of the affections on divine things, and is an implantation of every grace in the heart.”
1 Thessalonians 4:3
“For--enforcing the assertion that his "commandments" were "by (the authority of) the Lord Jesus" (1Th 4:2). Since "this is the will of God," let it be your will also. fornication--not regarded as a sin at all among the heathen, and so needing the more to be denounced (Ac 15:20).”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 Thessalonians 4:3
“Sanctification - Entire holiness of heart and life: particular branches of it are subjoined. That ye abstain from fornication - A beautiful transition from sanctification to a single branch of the contrary; and this shows that nothing is so seemingly distant, or below our thoughts, but we have need to guard against it.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
control his own body: The Berean text renders the phrase control his own body, one of the two readings named at verse 3. John Wesley and Adam Clarke take the vessel as a man's wife, and John Gill finds the choice hard to settle. Wesley adds that the rule calls for knowledge too.
1 Thessalonians 4:4
“That everyone of you should know how to possess his vessel,.... By which may be meant, either a man's wife, or his body, and it is not very easy to determine which, for the Jews call both by this name. Sometimes they call (p) a woman גולם, which the gloss says is a "vessel" unfinished. It is reported (q), that when R. Eleazar died, Rabbenu Hakkadosh would have married his widow, and she would not, because she was כלי של קדושה, "a vessel of holiness", greater than he.”
2 more voices on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:4
“How to possess his vessel - Let every man use his wife for the purpose alone for which God created her, and instituted marriage. The word σκευοςanswers to the Hebrew כלי keli, which, though it signifies vessel in general, has several other meanings. That the rabbins frequently express wife by it, Schoettgen largely proves; and to me it appears very probable that the apostle uses it in that sense here. St. Peter calls the wife the weaker Vessel, 1Pe 3:7. Others think that the body is meant, which is the vessel in which the soul dwells.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 Thessalonians 4:4
“That every one know - For this requires knowledge, as well as chastity. To possess his vessel - His wife. In sanctification and honour - So as neither to dishonour God or himself, nor to obstruct, but further, holiness; remembering, marriage is not designed to inflame, but to conquer, natural desires.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
lustful passion: Passion names a state that masters a person, and Jamieson, Fausset and Brown read it as being the slave of lust. The cause follows: the Gentiles do not know God. Tertullian draws from the verse that Paul forbids lust and leaves marriage honored.
1 Thessalonians 4:6-8
no one should ever violate or exploit his brother: To violate or exploit his brother in this regard means trespassing on another man's marriage. The sanction is God's: the Lord will avenge all such acts. Verse 8 removes the last refuge, for whoever rejects this command does not reject man but God.
1 Thessalonians 4:6
“That no man go beyond and defraud his brother - That no man should by any means endeavor to corrupt the wife of another, or to alienate her affections or fidelity from her husband; this I believe to be the apostle’s meaning, though some understand it of covetousness, overreaching, tricking, cheating, and cozenage in general. The Lord is the avenger of all such - He takes up the cause of the injured husband wherever the case has not been detected by man, and all such vices he will signally punish.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
but to holiness: The calling itself sets the standard, so holiness is the ground a believer stands on from the first day. Jamieson, Fausset and Brown read the Greek as in holiness, the sphere in which the call takes place. They add that saint is simply another name for a Christian.
1 Thessalonians 4:7
“For God hath not called us unto uncleanness - When he called us to be his followers, it was not that we should lead lives of impurity, but of holiness. We should, therefore, fulfil the purposes for which we were called into his kingdom. The word “uncleanness” (ἀκαθαρσία akatharsia), means, properly, “impurity, filth;” and then, in a moral sense, “pollution, lewdness,” as opposed to chastity; Rom 1:24; Rom 6:19; 2Co 12:21; Gal 5:19; Eph 4:19; Eph 5:3; Col 3:5.”
who gives you His Holy Spirit: Gives is present tense, and Jamieson, Fausset and Brown take it to mean that the Spirit's work of making holy goes on day by day. John Chrysostom reads the rejection as an offense against God Himself. The wronged neighbor is one party, and God is the other.
Mind Your Own Business and Work With Your Hands
1 Thessalonians 4:9-10
Now about brotherly love: On brotherly love Paul declines to teach, because you yourselves have been taught by God to love one another, theodidaktoi, a coined word. The promise of Jeremiah 31:34 stands behind the coinage, the new covenant's inward teaching seen in a young church.
1 Thessalonians 4:9
“But as touching brotherly love - The “peculiar charity and affection which one Christian owes to another.” Doddridge; see the notes on Joh 13:34. Ye need not that I write unto you - That is, “as I have done on the other points.” They were so taught of God in regard to this duty, that they did not need any special instruction. For ye yourselves are taught of God - The word here rendered “taught of God” - θεοδίδακτοί theodidaktoi - occurs nowhere else in the New Testament.”
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:9
“But as touching brotherly love,.... Another branch of sanctification; which is distinct from love to God and Christ, though it always accompanies it, and from love to all mankind; and is what is peculiar to brethren in a spiritual relation, and ought to be universal, fervent, and sincere, and as Christ has loved them: concerning which the following things are said, ye need not that I write unto you. The Vulgate Latin version reads, "we have no need to write unto you"; and so some copies.”
showing this love to all the brothers: Their love already reached the churches of the whole province. John Gill stresses that it went to all of them, rich and poor, near and far. Matthew Henry notes that no one this side of heaven loves perfectly, so even the best must grow.
1 Thessalonians 4:10
“And indeed ye do it towards all the brethren,.... Whether high or low, rich or poor, bond or free, greater or lesser believers, and whether related in the bonds of nature or not; they exercised this grace of love without respect of persons, to all, and not only to all the brethren in the particular community at Thessalonica, but which are in all Macedonia; throughout the whole country, particularly at Philippi and Berea, and other places: but we beseech you, brethren.”
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:10
“Though these Thessalonians had in some sense no need of an exhortation to brotherly love, as if it were wholly wanting, yet they must be exhorted to pray for more, and labour for more. There are none on this side heaven who love in perfection. Those who are eminent in this or any other grace have need of increase therein as well as of perseverance unto the end.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 Thessalonians 4:11-12
to aspire to live quietly: Aspire renders philotimeisthai, to make a thing one's ambition, here the ambition to live quietly and to work with your own hands. Thessalonian excitement about the Lord's coming was already loosening some hands from their tools.
1 Thessalonians 4:11
“That ye study - Literally, that ye be ambitious: an ambition worthy a Christian. To work with your hands - Not a needless caution; for temporal concerns are often a cross to them who are newly filled with the love of God.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:11
“And that ye study to be quiet - Orderly, peaceful; living in the practice of the calm virtues of life. The duty to which he would exhort them was that of being subordinate to the laws; of avoiding all tumult and disorder; of calmly pursuing their regular avocations, and of keeping themselves from all the assemblages of the idle, the restless, and the dissatisfied. No Christian should be engaged in a mob; none should be identified with the popular excitements which lead to disorder and to the disregard of the laws.”
behave properly toward outsiders: Behave properly renders euschemonos, becomingly, a word about how a life looks to others, in Adam Clarke's reading. John Wesley puts the aim in outsiders' terms: they should have no reason to say this faith makes people idle and poor. Self-support was part of the witness.
1 Thessalonians 4:12
“That ye may walk honestly - Ευσχημονως· Becomingly, decently, respectably; as is consistent with the purity, holiness, gravity, and usefulness of your Christian calling. Them that are without - The unconverted Gentiles and Jews. See this expression explained at large on Col 4:5. That ye may have lack of nothing - That ye may be able to get your bread by honest labor, which God will ever bless; and be chargeable to no man.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:12
“Decently - That they may have no pretense to say, (but they will say it still,) "This religion makes men idle, and brings them to beggary." And may want nothing - Needful for life and godliness. What Christian desires more?”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
The Dead in Christ Rise First
1 Thessalonians 4:13-14
those who sleep in death: Believers had died since the mission, and the church feared the dead would miss the Lord's coming. The ground is the creed: Jesus died and rose again, so God will bring with Jesus those who have fallen asleep in Him.
1 Thessalonians 4:13
“Concerning the resurrection of the righteous, Paul also speaks thus in writing to the Thessalonians: "We would not have you to be ignorant concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow not even as others which have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him.”
Hippolytus of Rome · written before 235 · Treatise on Christ and Antichristpatristic
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:13
“It is to act too much like the Gentiles, who had no hope of a better life after this; whereas we Christians, who have a most sure hope, the hope of eternal life after this, which God who cannot lie hath promised us, should moderate all our joys and our sorrows on account of any worldly thing.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
Jesus died and rose again: Their hope rests on what they already believed, the doctrine Paul taught in Thessalonica at Acts 17:3, as Jamieson, Fausset and Brown note. Bring with Jesus implies the dead are with Him now. Matthew Henry reads it so: they are with God, and He will bring them when He comes.
1 Thessalonians 4:14
“See 1Th 4:13, "hope." Hence it appears our hope rests on our faith ("if we believe"). "As surely as we all believe that Christ died and rose again (the very doctrine specified as taught at Thessalonica, Ac 17:3), so also will God bring those laid to sleep by Jesus with Him (Jesus)." (So the order and balance of the members of the Greek sentence require us to translate).”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
2 more voices on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:14
“All men shall rise again, but let no one lose heart, and let not the just grieve at the common lot of rising again, since he awaits the chief fruit of his virtue. All indeed shall rise again, but, as says the apostle, "each in his own order." The fruit of the divine mercy is common to all, but the order of merit differs. The day gives light to all, the sun warms all, the rain fertilizes the possessions of all with genial flowers. We are all born, and we shall all rise again.”
Ambrose of Milan · written before 397 · On the Death of Satyrus 2.92-93patristic
1 Thessalonians 4:14
“Being still in union with him, they sleep in his arms and are under his special care and protection. Their souls are in his presence, and their dust is under his care and power; so that they are not lost, nor are they losers, but great gainers by death, and their removal out of this world is into a better.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
will by no means precede: By the word of the Lord gives the teaching that follows the Lord's own authority. The living that remain to the coming shall not go before the sleeping, so the dead in Christ lose nothing by dying.
1 Thessalonians 4:15
He says that those who "remain unto the coming of Christ," along with "the dead in Christ, shall rise first," being "caught up in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air."
Tertullian · written before 220 · Against Marcion Book Vpatristic
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:15
“By the word of the Lord - By a particular Revelation. We who are left - This intimates the fewness of those who will be then alive, compared to the multitude of the dead.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
the Lord Himself will descend from heaven: , and three sounds attend Him: a loud command, the voice of an archangel, and the trumpet of God. The first result touches the graves: the dead in Christ will be the first to rise.
1 Thessalonians 4:16
“With a shout - Properly, a proclamation made to a great multitude. Above this is, the voice of the archangel; above both, the trumpet of God; the voice of God, somewhat analogous to the sound of a trumpet.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
caught up together with them: The verb caught up is harpazo, seized suddenly by force, used of Philip at Acts 8:39. The Latin Bible rendered it rapiemur, the source of the word rapture. The verse settles the end: And so we will always be with the Lord.
1 Thessalonians 4:17
“Well, then, what difference is there between heathens and Christians, if the same prison awaits them all when dead? How, indeed, shall the soul mount up to heaven, where Christ is already sitting at the Father's right hand, when as yet the archangel's trumpet has not been heard by the command of God, -when as yet those whom the coming of the Lord is to find on the earth, have not been caught up into the air to meet Him at His coming, in company with the dead in Christ, who shall be the first to arise?”
Tertullian · written before 220 · A Treatise on the Soulpatristic
3 more voices on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:17
“Then we which are alive - Those who shall then be alive; see 1Th 4:15. The word here rendered “then” (ἔπειτα epeita), does not necessarily mean that this would occur immediately. It properly marks succession in time, and means “afterward, next, next in the order of events;” Luk 16:7; Gal 1:21; Jas 4:14. There may be a considerable interval between the resurrection of the pious and the time when the living shall be caught up to meet the Lord, for the change is to take place in them which will fit them to ascend with those who have been raised.”
1 Thessalonians 4:17
“Together - In the same moment. In the air - The wicked will remain beneath, while the righteous, being absolved, shall be assessors with their Lord in the judgment.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755)evangelical
1 Thessalonians 4:17
“His point being established, that the dead in Christ shall be on terms of equal advantage with those found alive at Christ's coming, he leaves undefined here the other events foretold elsewhere (as not being necessary to his discussion), Christ's reign on earth with His saints (1Co 6:2, 3), the final judgment and glorification of His saints in the new heaven and earth.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
encourage one another with these words: The passage's own application is encouragement, spoken member to member. No reading of its timing touches the comfort: the dead in Christ rise, the living are caught up, and all are with the Lord.
1 Thessalonians 4:18
“Comfort one another with these words - Strange saying! comfort a man with the information that he is going to appear before the judgment-seat of God! Who can feel comfort from these words? That man alone with whose spirit the Spirit of God bears witness that his sins are blotted out, and the thoughts of whose heart are purified by the inspiration of Gods Holy Spirit, so that he can perfectly love him, and worthily magnify his name. Reader, thou art not in a safe state unless it be thus with thee, or thou art hungering and thirsting after righteousness.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
1 Thessalonians 4:18
“We should endeavour to support one another in times of sorrow, not deaden one another's spirits, nor weaken one another's hands, but should comfort one another; and this may be done by serious consideration and discourse on the many good lessons to be learned from the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, the second coming of Christ, and the glory of the saints in that day.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
How this psalm is built
The form: Instruction in two parts, how to live and what happens to the dead in Christ, as This site's published exposition of 1 Thessalonians 4:1 to 2 and 4:13 to 14 classes it.
The patterns in this chapter
| Device | What it does | Where to see it |
|---|---|---|
| More and more | Verse 1 asks them to live this way all the more, and verse 10 asks them to excel more and more. The site's published exposition of verses 9 and 10 calls this the letter's refrain, growth that goes on.This site's published exposition of 1 Thessalonians 4:9 to 10, The exposition_notes row on 1 Thessalonians 4:9 to 10, citing J. B. Lightfoot, Notes on the Epistles of St Paul, and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible. | 1 Thessalonians 4:1, 1 Thessalonians 4:10 |
| Sleep as the word for death | Verses 13, 14 and 15 speak of believers who have died as those who sleep or have fallen asleep. The site's published exposition of verses 13 and 14 traces the figure from Daniel 12:2 to John 11:11. Augustine of Hippo, on that verse of John, says Lazarus was dead to men and asleep to the Lord.Augustine of Hippo, Tractates on John 49.9. | 1 Thessalonians 4:13, 1 Thessalonians 4:14, 1 Thessalonians 4:15 |
| A command, a voice, a trumpet | Verse 16 names three sounds at the Lord's descent: a loud command, the voice of an archangel and the trumpet of God. The site's published exposition of the verse reads the command as a commander's word and ties the trumpet to 1 Corinthians 15:52.This site's published exposition of 1 Thessalonians 4:16, The exposition_notes row on 1 Thessalonians 4:16, citing John Gill, Exposition of the New Testament, and Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible. | 1 Thessalonians 4:16 |
Where the chapter stands in the letter
9 more paragraphs on the patterns
The prayer at the end of chapter 3 asked for love and holiness, and chapter 4 teaches both, holiness in verses 3 to 8 and love in verses 9 and 10. Verses 13 to 18 take up the coming of the Lord named at the close of every chapter so far, and 5:1 to 11 carries it on with the day of the Lord. The call to quiet work in verses 11 and 12 returns at length in 2 Thessalonians 3:6 to 13.
The debated reading: the vessel of verse 4
The word vessel behind verse 4 is read two ways. John Wesley and Adam Clarke take it as a man's wife (Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament and Commentary on the Bible, on 4:4). Matthew Henry reads it as the body, the vessel of the soul (Commentary on the Whole Bible, on 4:4). John Gill finds the choice hard to settle. The Berean text renders it body.
The debated reading: by the word of the Lord
Verse 15 rests the teaching on the word of the Lord. The site's published exposition of the verse records two readings, with Albert Barnes and Jamieson, Fausset and Brown as its sources. The word may be a saying of Jesus kept outside the written Gospels, or a revelation given to Paul.
The debated reading: when the catching up takes place
Verse 17 says the living will be caught up to meet the Lord in the air. The pretribulational, midtribulational and posttribulational readings place this event differently in relation to the tribulation, and /featured/the-rapture sets them out with their holders. The verse itself settles the end of the story: we will always be with the Lord.
Where it reaches
The order of the resurrection here stands beside 1 Corinthians 15:51 to 52, where the trumpet sounds and the dead are raised. The resurrection of verse 16 is taught again at /featured/the-two-resurrections.
Keep studying
Studies14
Words12
Subjects3
Sources for this chapter
The summary
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory; John Calvin, Commentaries; John Wesley, Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.
The context
James Denney, The Epistles to the Thessalonians (Expositor's Bible) and Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible.
The form and classifications
Tertullian, On the Resurrection of the Flesh, on 1 Thessalonians 4:16 to 17 and This site's published exposition of 1 Thessalonians 4:1 to 2 and 4:13 to 14, The exposition_notes rows on 1 Thessalonians 4:1 to 2 and 4:13 to 14, citing Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Albert Barnes, Notes on the New Testament, and John Gill, Exposition of the New Testament.
The exposition
Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the New Testament; J. B. Lightfoot, Notes on the Epistles of St Paul; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; John Chrysostom, Homilies on 1 Thessalonians, Homily 5; John Gill, Exposition of the New Testament; John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Tertullian, Against Marcion, Book V.