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Exoduschapter 5

23 verses · Moses, by tradition · 15th or 13th century BC · The Law

In Jewish life

The reading

Weekly portion 13 of 54

שְׁמוֹת Shemot, Exodus 1:1 to 6:1

Read with it: Isaiah 27:6 to 28:13 and 29:22 to 29:23 in Ashkenazi use, and Jeremiah 1:1 to 2:3 in Sephardi use.

The verse numbers here are the ones a Hebrew Bible carries, which differ from an English Bible by a verse or two in several places. The Sephardi reading is named only where this site records a difference; communities vary beyond what is listed. What these books are, and how a Christian reader meets them →

How it is read

Rashi reads the chapter as a study in who stood and who slipped away. The elders set out with Moses and Aaron, he says, and dropped back one by one "because they were afraid to go there". At Sinai they were kept at a distance for it (Rashi on Exodus 5:1:1). He notes that the two brothers say the plague may light on us rather than on Pharaoh, "but they showed respect to royalty" (Rashi on Exodus 5:3:1). He divides the two ranks of overseer in verse 6, holding the taskmasters to be Egyptians and the bailiffs under them Israelites (Rashi on Exodus 5:6:1). At verse 14 he reads the beating of those bailiffs as the price of mercy. They "spared their fellow-Israelites, not urging them on to their work", and the seventy elders of Numbers 11 were later drawn from them (Rashi on Exodus 5:14:1). The text is the Rosenbaum and Silbermann Rashi of 1929 to 1934, in the public domain. Ibn Ezra's notes on Pharaoh's answer and on the bailiffs' complaint stand by reference alone (Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:2:1 and 5:15:1).

What the rabbis say

The rabbis take up the demand for a feast in the wilderness at Chagigah 10b:3 and 10b:9. On the heavier load laid on the people they taught in Shemot Rabbah 5:19 and Midrash Lekach Tov, Exodus 5:10:1. On the scattering of the people to gather stubble they taught at Berakhot 9a:14. The Mekhilta carries this chapter at Tractate Nezikin 1:9 and Tractate Vayehi Beshalach 3:17.

The text, verse by verse

Each word shows the Hebrew, the English under it, how it sounds and its Strong’s number. A rule between verses marks where the Hebrew manuscripts end a paragraph.

Let My People Go, Pharaoh Refuses

5:1
וְאַחַ֗רand afterveacharH310בָּ֚אוּthey wentbauH935מֹשֶׁ֣הMosesmoshehH4872וְאַהֲרֹ֔ןand AaronveaharonH175וַיֹּאמְר֖וּand they saidvaiyomeruH559אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹ֑הPharaohparohH6547כֹּֽה־thuskoh-H3541אָמַ֤רhe saysʾamarH559יְהוָה֙YahwehyahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵ֣י[the] God ofʾeloheiH430יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelyisraelH3478שַׁלַּח֙let goshalachH7971אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853עַמִּ֔יpeople myʾamiH5971וְיָחֹ֥גּוּso they may celebrate a festivalveyachoguH2287לִ֖יto <the> meliבַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃in the wildernessbamidbarH4057

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:1

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
After Aaron did the signs. Recorded in Ex.:30. the two of them came to Pharaoh and the two of them spoke.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

5:2
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohparohH6547מִ֤יwho?miH4310יְהוָה֙[is] YahwehyahwehH3068אֲשֶׁ֣רthatʾasherH834אֶשְׁמַ֣עI will listenʾeshma'H8085בְּקֹל֔וֹto voice hisbekoloH6963לְשַׁלַּ֖חby letting goleshalachH7971אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יִשְׂרָאֵ֑לIsraelyisraelH3478לֹ֤אnotlo'H3808יָדַ֙עְתִּי֙I knowyada'tiH3045אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יְהוָ֔הYahwehyahwehH3068וְגַ֥םand alsovegamH1571אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853יִשְׂרָאֵ֖לIsraelyisraelH3478לֹ֥אnotlo'H3808אֲשַׁלֵּֽחַ׃I will let goʾashaleachH7971
5:3
וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּand they saidvaiyomeruH559אֱלֹהֵ֥י[the] God ofʾeloheiH430הָעִבְרִ֖יםthe HebrewshaivrimH5680נִקְרָ֣אhe has metnikra'H7122עָלֵ֑ינוּwith usʾaleinuH5921נֵ֣לֲכָהlet us gonelakhahH1980נָּ֡אpleasena'H4994דֶּרֶךְ֩a journey ofderekhH1870שְׁלֹ֨שֶׁתthreesheloshetH7969יָמִ֜יםdaysyamimH3117בַּמִּדְבָּ֗רin the wildernessbamidbarH4057וְנִזְבְּחָה֙and let us sacrificevenizbechahH2076לַֽיהוָ֣הto YahwehlayahwehH3068אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּGod ourʾeloheinuH430פֶּ֨ן־lestpen-H6435יִפְגָּעֵ֔נוּhe should fall on usyifgaenuH6293בַּדֶּ֖בֶרwith <the> pestilencebadeverH1698א֥וֹorʾoH176בֶחָֽרֶב׃with the swordvecharevH2719
5:4
וַיֹּ֤אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559אֲלֵהֶם֙to themʾalehemH413מֶ֣לֶךְ[the] king ofmelekhH4428מִצְרַ֔יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714לָ֚מָּה<to> why?lamahH4100מֹשֶׁ֣הO MosesmoshehH4872וְאַהֲרֹ֔ןand AaronveaharonH175תַּפְרִ֥יעוּare you causing to refraintafriuH6544אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הָעָ֖םthe peoplehaamH5971מִמַּֽעֲשָׂ֑יוfrom work<s> itsmimaasavH4639לְכ֖וּgolekhuH1980לְסִבְלֹתֵיכֶֽם׃to forced labor yourlesivloteikhemH5450
5:5
וַיֹּ֣אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohparohH6547הֵן־here!hen-H2005רַבִּ֥ים[is] manyrabimH7227עַתָּ֖הnowʾatahH6258עַ֣ם[the] people ofʾamH5971הָאָ֑רֶץthe landhaaretzH776וְהִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥םand you have caused to ceasevehishbatemH7673אֹתָ֖ם<obj.> themʾotamH853מִסִּבְלֹתָֽם׃from forced labor theirmisivlotamH5450
5:6
וַיְצַ֥וand he commandedvaytzavH6680פַּרְעֹ֖הPharaohparohH6547בַּיּ֣וֹםon the daybaiyomH3117הַה֑וּא<the> thathahu'H1931אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853הַנֹּגְשִׂ֣יםthe taskmastershanogesimH5065בָּעָ֔םover the peoplebaamH5971וְאֶת־and <obj.>veetH853שֹׁטְרָ֖יוforemen itsshoteravH7860לֵאמֹֽר׃<to> sayinglemorH559
5:7
לֹ֣אnotlo'H3808תֹאסִפ֞וּןyou will repeat !tosifunH3254לָתֵ֨תto givelatetH5414תֶּ֧בֶןstrawtevenH8401לָעָ֛םto the peoplelaamH5971לִלְבֹּ֥ןto make brickslilbonH3835הַלְּבֵנִ֖יםthe brickshalevenimH3843כִּתְמ֣וֹלas yesterdaykitmolH8543שִׁלְשֹׁ֑םthree days agoshilshomH8032הֵ֚םtheyhemH1992יֵֽלְכ֔וּlet them goyelekhuH1980וְקֹשְׁשׁ֥וּand they may gathervekosheshuH7197לָהֶ֖םfor <the> themselveslahemתֶּֽבֶן׃strawtevenH8401
5:8
וְאֶת־and <obj.>veetH853מַתְכֹּ֨נֶת[the] measurement ofmatkonetH4971הַלְּבֵנִ֜יםthe brickshalevenimH3843אֲשֶׁ֣רwhichʾasherH834הֵם֩theyhemH1992עֹשִׂ֨ים[were] makingʾosimH6213תְּמ֤וֹלyesterdaytemolH8543שִׁלְשֹׁם֙three days agoshilshomH8032תָּשִׂ֣ימוּyou will placetasimuH7760עֲלֵיהֶ֔םon themʾaleihemH5921לֹ֥אnotlo'H3808תִגְרְע֖וּyou will diminishtigreuH1639מִמֶּ֑נּוּfrom itmimenuH4480כִּֽי־forki-H3588נִרְפִּ֣ים[are] idlenirpimH7503הֵ֔םtheyhemH1992עַל־there-ʾal-H5921כֵּ֗ן-forekenH3651הֵ֤םtheyhemH1992צֹֽעֲקִים֙[are] crying outtzoakimH6817לֵאמֹ֔ר<to> sayinglemorH559נֵלְכָ֖הlet us gonelekhahH1980נִזְבְּחָ֥הlet us sacrificenizbechahH2076לֵאלֹהֵֽינוּ׃to God ourleloheinuH430
5:9
תִּכְבַּ֧דlet it be heavytikhbadH3513הָעֲבֹדָ֛הthe laborhaavodahH5656עַל־onʾal-H5921הָאֲנָשִׁ֖יםthe menhaanashimH582וְיַעֲשׂוּ־so they may workveyaasu-H6213בָ֑הּin <the> itvahוְאַל־and may notveal-H408יִשְׁע֖וּthem pay attentionyishuH8159בְּדִבְרֵי־to words ofbedivrei-H1697שָֽׁקֶר׃falsehoodshakerH8267

Bricks Without Straw

5:10
וַיֵּ֨צְא֜וּand they went outvaiyetzeuH3318נֹגְשֵׂ֤י[the] taskmasters ofnogeseiH5065הָעָם֙the peoplehaamH5971וְשֹׁ֣טְרָ֔יוand foremen itsveshoteravH7860וַיֹּאמְר֥וּand they saidvaiyomeruH559אֶל־toʾel-H413הָעָ֖םthe peoplehaamH5971לֵאמֹ֑ר<to> sayinglemorH559כֹּ֚הthuskohH3541אָמַ֣רhe saysʾamarH559פַּרְעֹ֔הPharaohparohH6547אֵינֶ֛נִּיnot IʾeineniH369נֹתֵ֥ן[am] givingnotenH5414לָכֶ֖םto <the> youlakhemתֶּֽבֶן׃strawtevenH8401

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:10

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
Of the king’s palace to the people who were working. 77 The text does not say from where they went out, hence I.E.’s comment.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

5:11
אַתֶּ֗םyouʾatemH859לְכ֨וּgolekhuH1980קְח֤וּacquirekechuH3947לָכֶם֙for <the> yourselveslakhemתֶּ֔בֶןstrawtevenH8401מֵאֲשֶׁ֖רfrom wheremeasherH834תִּמְצָ֑אוּyou will find [it]timtzauH4672כִּ֣יforkiH3588אֵ֥יןnotʾeinH369נִגְרָ֛ע[is] diminishednigra'H1639מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶ֖םfrom labor yourmeavodatkhemH5656דָּבָֽר׃anythingdavarH1697
5:12
וַיָּ֥פֶץand it scatteredvaiyafetzH6327הָעָ֖םthe peoplehaamH5971בְּכָל־in allbekholH3605אֶ֣רֶץ[the] land ofʾeretzH776מִצְרָ֑יִםEgyptmitzrayimH4714לְקֹשֵׁ֥שׁto gatherlekosheshH7197קַ֖שׁstubblekashH7179לַתֶּֽבֶן׃for the strawlatevenH8401

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:12

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
Va-yafetz (were scattered) is a transitive verb. 80 In the hifil, meaning he scattered. Pharaoh, who caused them to scatter, is the subject.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

5:13
וְהַנֹּגְשִׂ֖יםand the taskmastersvehanogesimH5065אָצִ֣ים[were] pressing [them]ʾatzimH213לֵאמֹ֑ר<to> sayinglemorH559כַּלּ֤וּcompletekaluH3615מַעֲשֵׂיכֶם֙work<s> yourmaaseikhemH4639דְּבַר־a matter ofdevar-H1697י֣וֹםa dayyomH3117בְּיוֹמ֔וֹin day itsbeyomoH3117כַּאֲשֶׁ֖רjust askaasherH834בִּהְי֥וֹתwhen wasbihyotH1961הַתֶּֽבֶן׃the strawhatevenH8401

Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:13

Ibn EzraSpain, 1089–1167· Commentary
Atzim (urgent) is a transitive verb. 84 It means urging; i.e., the taskmasters were urging them on.

Read it in full at Sefaria · Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004

5:14
וַיֻּכּ֗וּand they were struckvaiyukuH5221שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙[the] foremen ofshotereiH7860בְּנֵ֣י[the] people ofbeneiH1121יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelyisraelH3478אֲשֶׁר־whomʾasher-H834שָׂ֣מוּthey had appointedsamuH7760עֲלֵהֶ֔םover themʾalehemH5921נֹגְשֵׂ֥י[the] taskmasters ofnogeseiH5065פַרְעֹ֖הPharaohfarohH6547לֵאמֹ֑ר<to> sayinglemorH559מַדּ֡וּעַwhy?madua'H4069לֹא֩notlo'H3808כִלִּיתֶ֨םhave you completedkhilitemH3615חָקְכֶ֤םprescribed portion yourchakechemH2706לִלְבֹּן֙by making brickslilbonH3835כִּתְמ֣וֹלas yesterdaykitmolH8543שִׁלְשֹׁ֔םthree days agoshilshomH8032גַּם־neithergam-H1571תְּמ֖וֹלyesterdaytemolH8543גַּם־norgam-H1571הַיּֽוֹם׃this dayhaiyomH3117

Why Have You Dealt Ill With Us?

5:15
וַיָּבֹ֗אוּand they wentvaiyavouH935שֹֽׁטְרֵי֙[the] foremen ofshotereiH7860בְּנֵ֣י[the] people ofbeneiH1121יִשְׂרָאֵ֔לIsraelyisraelH3478וַיִּצְעֲק֥וּand they cried outvaiyitzakuH6817אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹ֖הPharaohparohH6547לֵאמֹ֑ר<to> sayinglemorH559לָ֧מָּה<to> why?lamahH4100תַעֲשֶׂ֦הare you doingtaasehH6213כֹ֖הthuskhohH3541לַעֲבָדֶֽיךָ׃to servants yourlaavadeikhaH5650
5:16
תֶּ֗בֶןstrawtevenH8401אֵ֤יןnotʾeinH369נִתָּן֙[is being] givennitanH5414לַעֲבָדֶ֔יךָto servants yourlaavadeikhaH5650וּלְבֵנִ֛יםand bricksulevenimH3843אֹמְרִ֥ים[people are] sayingʾomerimH559לָ֖נוּto <the> uslanuעֲשׂ֑וּmakeʾasuH6213וְהִנֵּ֧הand there!vehinehH2009עֲבָדֶ֛יךָservants yourʾavadeikhaH5650מֻכִּ֖ים[are] being struckmukimH5221וְחָטָ֥אתand you have sinnedvechatatH2398עַמֶּֽךָ׃people yourʾamekhaH5971
5:17
וַיֹּ֛אמֶרand he saidvaiyomerH559נִרְפִּ֥ים[are] idlenirpimH7503אַתֶּ֖םyouʾatemH859נִרְפִּ֑יםidlenirpimH7503עַל־there-ʾal-H5921כֵּן֙-forekenH3651אַתֶּ֣םyouʾatemH859אֹֽמְרִ֔ים[are] sayingʾomerimH559נֵלְכָ֖הlet us gonelekhahH1980נִזְבְּחָ֥הlet us sacrificenizbechahH2076לַֽיהוָֽה׃to YahwehlayahwehH3068
5:18
וְעַתָּה֙and nowveatahH6258לְכ֣וּgolekhuH1980עִבְד֔וּworkʾivduH5647וְתֶ֖בֶןand strawvetevenH8401לֹא־notlo'-H3808יִנָּתֵ֣ןit will be givenyinatenH5414לָכֶ֑םto <the> youlakhemוְתֹ֥כֶןand [the] measurement ofvetokhenH8506לְבֵנִ֖יםbrickslevenimH3843תִּתֵּֽנּוּ׃you will givetitenuH5414
5:19
וַיִּרְא֞וּand they sawvaiyiruH7200שֹֽׁטְרֵ֧י[the] foremen ofshotereiH7860בְנֵֽי־[the] people ofvenei-H1121יִשְׂרָאֵ֛לIsraelyisraelH3478אֹתָ֖ם<obj.> themselvesʾotamH853בְּרָ֣עin troublebera'H7451לֵאמֹ֑ר<to> sayinglemorH559לֹא־notlo'-H3808תִגְרְע֥וּyou will diminishtigreuH1639מִלִּבְנֵיכֶ֖םfrom bricks yourmilivneikhemH3843דְּבַר־a matter ofdevar-H1697י֥וֹםa dayyomH3117בְּיוֹמֽוֹ׃in day itsbeyomoH3117
5:20
וַֽיִּפְגְּעוּ֙and they metvaiyifgeuH6293אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853מֹשֶׁ֣הMosesmoshehH4872וְאֶֽת־and <obj.>veetH853אַהֲרֹ֔ןAaronʾaharonH175נִצָּבִ֖יםstandingnitzavimH5324לִקְרָאתָ֑םto meet themlikratamH7122בְּצֵאתָ֖םwhen came out theybetzetamH3318מֵאֵ֥תfrom withmeetH854פַּרְעֹֽה׃PharaohparohH6547
5:21
וַיֹּאמְר֣וּand they saidvaiyomeruH559אֲלֵהֶ֔םto themʾalehemH413יֵ֧רֶאmay he lookyere'H7200יְהוָ֛הYahwehyahwehH3068עֲלֵיכֶ֖םon youʾaleikhemH5921וְיִשְׁפֹּ֑טand may he judgeveyishpotH8199אֲשֶׁ֧רthatʾasherH834הִבְאַשְׁתֶּ֣םyou have made stinkhivashtemH887אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853רֵיחֵ֗נוּodor ourreichenuH7381בְּעֵינֵ֤יin [the] eyes ofbeeineiH5869פַרְעֹה֙PharaohfarohH6547וּבְעֵינֵ֣יand in [the] eyes ofuveeineiH5869עֲבָדָ֔יוservants hisʾavadavH5650לָֽתֶת־to putlatet-H5414חֶ֥רֶבa swordcherevH2719בְּיָדָ֖םin hand theirbeyadamH3027לְהָרְגֵֽנוּ׃to kill usleharegenuH2026
5:22
וַיָּ֧שָׁבand he returnedvaiyashovH7725מֹשֶׁ֛הMosesmoshehH4872אֶל־toʾel-H413יְהוָ֖הYahwehyahwehH3068וַיֹּאמַ֑רand he saidvaiyomarH559אֲדֹנָ֗יO LordʾadonaiH136לָמָ֤ה<to> why?lamahH4100הֲרֵעֹ֙תָה֙have you done harmhareotahH7489לָעָ֣םto the peoplelaamH5971הַזֶּ֔ה<the> thishazehH2088לָ֥מָּה<to> why?lamahH4100זֶּ֖הthiszehH2088שְׁלַחְתָּֽנִי׃did you send meshelachtaniH7971
5:23
וּמֵאָ֞זand from thenumeazH227בָּ֤אתִיI wentbatiH935אֶל־toʾel-H413פַּרְעֹה֙PharaohparohH6547לְדַבֵּ֣רto speakledaberH1696בִּשְׁמֶ֔ךָin name yourbishmekhaH8034הֵרַ֖עhe has done harmhera'H7489לָעָ֣םto the peoplelaamH5971הַזֶּ֑ה<the> thishazehH2088וְהַצֵּ֥לand certainly <to deliver>vehatzelH5337לֹא־notlo'-H3808הִצַּ֖לְתָּyou have deliveredhitzaltaH5337אֶת־<obj.>ʾet-H853עַמֶּֽךָ׃people yourʾamekhaH5971

Hebrew words in this chapter

The 40 most used Hebrew words of the chapter, counted by lemma. The article, the object marker, the negatives and the common prepositions are left out.

WordSense hereUsesStrong’s
אָמַרʼâmarto say20H559
עַםʻampeople12H5971
פַּרְעֹהParʻôhPharaoh10H6547
תֶּבֶןtebenstraw8H8401
יְהֹוָהYᵉhôvâhyahweh7H3068
הָלַךְhâlaklet us go7H1980
יוֹםyôwmday7H3117
יִשְׂרָאֵלYisrâʼêlIsrael6H3478
נָתַןnâthanto give6H5414
שֹׁטֵרshôṭêrforemen its5H7860
לְבֵנָהlᵉbênâhbrick5H3843
מֹשֶׁהMôshehMoses4H4872
אֱלֹהִיםʼĕlôhîymGod4H430
שָׁלַחshâlachto send4H7971
נָגַשׂnâgasthe taskmasters4H5065
תְּמוֹלtᵉmôwlyesterday4H8543
עָשָׂהʻâsâhto make4H6213
דָּבָרdâbârword4H1697
עֶבֶדʻebedto servants your4H5650
בּוֹאbôwʼthey went3H935
WordSense hereUsesStrong’s
אַהֲרוֹןʼAhărôwnAaron3H175
כֹּהkôhthus3H3541
זָבַחzâbachto sacrifice3H2076
שִׁלְשׁוֹםshilshôwmthree days ago3H8032
גָּרַעgâraʻyou will diminish3H1639
רָפָהrâphâhidle3H7503
אַיִןʼayinnot I3H369
בֵּןbênpeople of3H1121
מִדְבָּרmidbârin the wilderness2H4057
קָרָאqârâʼmeet2H7122
פָּגַעpâgaʻto fall on2H6293
חֶרֶבcherebsword2H2719
מִצְרַיִםMitsrayimEgypt2H4714
מַעֲשֶׂהmaʻăsehwork2H4639
סְבָלָהçᵉbâlâhto forced labor your2H5450
עַתָּהʻattâhnow2H6258
אֶרֶץʼeretsland2H776
לָבַןlâbanto make bricks2H3835
קָשַׁשׁqâshashto gather2H7197
שׂוּםsûwmyou will place2H7760

Keep studying

Sources for this chapter

The Hebrew text

STEP Bible, the tagged Hebrew text and its English glosses and James Strong, Strong's Exhaustive Concordance.

In Jewish life

Rashi, Rashi on Exodus 5:1:1, 5:3:1, 5:6:1 and 5:14:1, Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A. M. Silbermann, 1929 to 1934 (public domain); Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra on Exodus 5:2:1 and 5:15:1, cited by ref alone under the corpus licence rule; The Babylonian Talmud, Chagigah 10b:3 and 10b:9, and Berakhot 9a:14, cited by ref and The Midrash, Shemot Rabbah 5:19, Midrash Lekach Tov, Exodus 5:10:1, and Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Nezikin 1:9 and Tractate Vayehi Beshalach 3:17, cited by ref.

The rabbinic texts

Ibn Ezra, Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Pentateuch, tran. and annot. by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub., 1988-2004 and Sefaria, texts and citation data.

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