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Quotation Formulas

“It is written.” “That it might be fulfilled.” The introduction formulas of Scripture citing Scripture: mechanical, checkable, from our own tagged Greek.

The shape of this lensA phrase and everywhere it introduces a quotation

49
formula citations
8
distinct formulas

erreth

6 citations

Where it is writtenEXO 21:24“eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,”Where it is quotedMAT 5:38“You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.’”
errethe — antithesis frame, lex talionis 'an eye for an eye'
Where it is writtenLEV 19:18“Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against any of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD.”Where it is quotedMAT 5:43“You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor’ and ‘Hate your enemy.’”
errethe — antithesis frame, 'thou shalt love thy neighbour' (+ the non-scriptural 'and hate thine enemy' — a formula introducing a citation PLUS a gloss, exegetically important)
Where it is writtenGEN 25:23and He declared to her: “Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated; one people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.”Where it is quotedROM 9:12not by works but by Him who calls, she was told, “The older will serve the younger.”
errethe aute ('it was said unto her') — Paul uses the same 'it was said' frame as a plain citation formula, 'the elder shall serve the younger'
Where it is writtenHOS 1:10“Yet the number of the Israelites will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured or counted. And it will happen that in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’”Where it is quotedROM 9:26and, “It will happen that in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’”
hou errethe autois ('where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people') — errethe citation frame
Where it is writtenEXO 20:13“You shall not murder.”Where it is quotedMAT 5:21“You have heard that it was said to the ancients, ‘Do not murder’ and ‘Anyone who murders will be subject to judgment.’”
ekousate hoti errethe tois archaiois ('ye have heard that it was said to them of old') — the antithesis frame; erreth V-API-3S; here 'thou shalt not kill'
Where it is writtenEXO 20:14“You shall not commit adultery.”Where it is quotedMAT 5:27“You have heard that it was said, ‘Do not commit adultery.’”
errethe — antithesis frame, 'thou shalt not commit adultery'

fulfillment

10 citations

Where it is writtenISA 53:1“Who has believed our message? And to whom has the arm of the LORD been revealed?”Where it is quotedJHN 12:38This was to fulfill the word of Isaiah the prophet: “Lord, who has believed our message? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?”
hina ho logos Esaiou tou prophetou plerothe hon eipen — John's fulfillment frame naming the prophet's 'word'
Where it is writtenPSA 22:18“They divide my garments among them and cast lots for my clothing.”Where it is quotedJHN 19:24“So they said to one another, “Let us not tear it. Instead, let us cast lots to see who will get it.” This was to fulfill the Scripture: “They divided My garments among them, and cast lots for My clothing.” So that is what the soldiers did.”
hina he graphe plerothe he legousa — fulfillment formula fused with the graphe-noun frame (soldiers cast lots)
Where it is writtenEXO 12:46“It must be eaten inside one house. You are not to take any of the meat outside the house, and you may not break any of the bones.”Where it is quotedJHN 19:36Now these things happened so that the Scripture would be fulfilled: “Not one of His bones will be broken.”
egeneto gar tauta hina he graphe plerothe — 'a bone of him shall not be broken' (Passover-lamb law; w/ Ps 34:20)
Where it is writtenHOS 11:1“When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called My son.”Where it is quotedMAT 2:15where he stayed until the death of Herod. This fulfilled what the Lord had spoken through the prophet: “Out of Egypt I called My Son.”
hina plerothe to rhethen; Matthew's fulfillment frame over a manifestly retrospective Hosea text (contested typological reading — each view at full strength)
Where it is writtenZEC 11:12“Then I told them, “If it seems right to you, give me my wages; but if not, keep them.” So they weighed out my wages, thirty pieces of silver.”Where it is quotedMAT 27:9“Then what was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled: “They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price set on Him by the people of Israel,”
tote eplerothe to rhethen dia Ieremiou tou prophetou — formula NAMES Jeremiah for a Zechariah wording (the classic attribution crux — present the data honestly, each view at full strength)
Where it is writtenISA 7:14“Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call Him Immanuel.”Where it is quotedMAT 1:22“All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet:”
the ARCHETYPE fulfillment formula: hina plerothe to rhethen hypo kyriou dia tou prophetou legontos ('that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying') — pleroo V-APS-3S + rhethen V-APP-NSN together; contested source (LXX parthenos vs MT almah, both readings at full strength on the page)
Where it is writtenJER 31:15This is what the LORD says: “A voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children, and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more.”Where it is quotedMAT 2:17“Then what was spoken through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled:”
tote eplerothe to rhethen (aorist indic. ho: 'THEN was fulfilled') — Matthew varies the frame from hina-subjunctive to tote-indicative for the Bethlehem slaughter
Where it is writtenISA 53:4“Surely He took on our infirmities and carried our sorrows; yet we considered Him stricken by God, struck down and afflicted.”Where it is quotedMAT 8:17This was to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet Isaiah: “He took on our infirmities and carried our diseases.”
hopos plerothe to rhethen dia Esaiou — the healing-fulfillment frame ('himself took our infirmities')
Where it is writtenPSA 78:2“I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things hidden from the beginning,”Where it is quotedMAT 13:35So was fulfilled what was spoken through the prophet: “I will open My mouth in parables; I will utter things hidden since the foundation of the world.”
hopos plerothe to rhethen dia tou prophetou — fulfillment formula applied to a PSALM ('I will open my mouth in parables'), Asaph titled 'the prophet'
Where it is writtenZEC 9:9“Rejoice greatly, O Daughter of Zion! Shout in triumph, O Daughter of Jerusalem! See, your King comes to you, righteous and victorious, humble and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey.”Where it is quotedMAT 21:4“This took place to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet:”
touto de gegonen hina plerothe to rhethen — triumphal-entry fulfillment frame

gegraptai

9 citations

Where it is writtenPSA 14:1“The fool says in his heart, “There is no God.” They are corrupt; their acts are vile. There is no one who does good.”Where it is quotedROM 3:10“As it is written: “There is no one righteous, not even one.”
kathos gegraptai hoti — head of Paul's 6-verse catena of universal sin; one formula governs a chain of sources
Where it is writtenHAB 2:4“Look at the proud one; his soul is not upright—but the righteous will live by faith—”Where it is quotedROM 1:17For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”
kathos gegraptai ('as it is written') anchoring the thesis of Romans; one of 26 kathos-gegraptai frames, Paul's signature
Where it is writtenISA 29:14Therefore I will again confound these people with wonder upon wonder. The wisdom of the wise will vanish, and the intelligence of the intelligent will be hidden.”Where it is quoted1CO 1:19For it is written: “I will destroy the wisdom of the wise; the intelligence of the intelligent I will frustrate.”
gegraptai gar ('for it is written') — the causal-formula variant introducing the destruction-of-wisdom citation
Where it is writtenEXO 22:28“You must not blaspheme God or curse the ruler of your people.”Where it is quotedACT 23:5“Brothers,” Paul replied, “I was not aware that he was the high priest, for it is written: ‘Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.’”
gegraptai gar — a purely LEGAL citation (Paul before the council), formula carrying no fulfillment sense, only binding authority
Where it is writtenDEU 21:23“you must not leave the body on the tree overnight, but you must be sure to bury him that day, because anyone who is hung on a tree is under God’s curse. You must not defile the land that the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance.”Where it is quotedGAL 3:13Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us. For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree.”
hoti gegraptai — 'cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree'; formula introduces the curse-of-the-law argument
Where it is writtenISA 40:3“A voice of one calling: “Prepare the way for the LORD in the wilderness; make a straight highway for our God in the desert.”Where it is quotedMRK 1:2As it is written in Isaiah the prophet: “Behold, I will send My messenger ahead of You, who will prepare Your way.”
kathos gegraptai heading Mark's whole Gospel (composite frame, w/ Mal 3:1) — the formula placed at a book's very threshold
Where it is writtenDEU 8:3“He humbled you, and in your hunger He gave you manna to eat, which neither you nor your fathers had known, so that you might understand that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of the LORD.”Where it is quotedMAT 4:4But Jesus answered, “It is written: ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’”
gegraptai (V-RPI-3S, 'it is written'), first of Jesus' 3 temptation citations (mat.4.4/4.7/4.10); the perfect tense = 'it stands written', an appeal to standing authority (Nicole)
Where it is writtenMAL 1:2“I have loved you,” says the LORD. But you ask, “How have You loved us?” “Was not Esau Jacob’s brother?” declares the LORD. “Yet Jacob I have loved,Where it is quotedROM 9:13So it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”
kathos gegraptai — 'Jacob have I loved'; formula closes the election argument
Where it is writtenPSA 2:7“I will proclaim the decree spoken to Me by the LORD: “You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.”Where it is quotedACT 13:33“He has fulfilled for us, their children, by raising up Jesus. As it is written in the second Psalm: ‘You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.’”
hos kai en to psalmo gegraptai to deutero ('as it is written in the SECOND psalm') — a formula that cites by canonical LOCATION, evidence of an ordered, numbered Psalter

graphe

5 citations

Where it is writtenGEN 12:3I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you; and all the families of the earth will be blessed through you.”Where it is quotedGAL 3:8The Scripture foresaw that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, and foretold the gospel to Abraham: “All nations will be blessed through you.”
proidousa de he graphe ('the scripture, foreseeing') — Scripture personified as ACTING; 'preached the gospel before unto Abraham'
Where it is writtenEXO 9:16“But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”Where it is quotedROM 9:17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”
legei gar he graphe to Pharao ('the scripture saith unto Pharaoh') — graphe frame where the scripture 'speaks' the words God spoke to Pharaoh
Where it is writtenDEU 25:4“Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.”Where it is quoted1TI 5:18For the Scripture says, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain,” and, “The worker is worthy of his wages.”
legei gar he graphe ('for the scripture saith') — pairs an OT law (muzzle the ox) with a saying of Jesus under ONE graphe frame, an early canon-consciousness datum
Where it is writtenISA 28:16“So this is what the Lord GOD says: “See, I lay a stone in Zion, a tested stone, a precious cornerstone, a sure foundation; the one who believes will never be shaken.”Where it is quotedROM 10:11It is just as the Scripture says: “Anyone who believes in Him will never be put to shame.”
legei gar he graphe — 'whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed'
Where it is writtenGEN 15:6“Abram believed the LORD, and it was credited to him as righteousness.”Where it is quotedROM 4:3For what does the Scripture say? “Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness.”
ti gar he graphe legei? ('for what saith the scripture?') — the graphe-noun frame, Scripture personified as speaking (Nicole)

jesus-word

2 citations

Where it is writtenJHN 12:32And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw everyone to Myself.”Where it is quotedJHN 18:32“This was to fulfill the word that Jesus had spoken to indicate the kind of death He was going to die.”
hina ho logos tou Iesou plerothe hon eipen ('that the word of Jesus might be fulfilled') — fulfillment formula over Jesus' own saying about the manner of his death
Where it is writtenJHN 6:39“And this is the will of Him who sent Me, that I shall lose none of those He has given Me, but raise them up at the last day.”Where it is quotedJHN 18:9This was to fulfill the word He had spoken: “I have not lost one of those You have given Me.”
hina plerothe ho logos hon eipen ('that the saying might be fulfilled which he spake') — the FULFILLMENT formula applied to JESUS' OWN prior word, not the OT (a Johannine sub-type)

other

4 citations

Where it is writtenJOE 2:28“And afterward, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions.”Where it is quotedACT 2:16“No, this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel:”
touto estin to eiremenon dia tou prophetou ('this is that which was spoken by the prophet Joel') — the demonstrative fulfillment frame 'this is that', Peter at Pentecost; eiremenon = perf. pass. participle of g2046
Where it is writtenISA 8:17“I will wait for the LORD, who is hiding His face from the house of Jacob. I will put my trust in Him.”Where it is quotedHEB 2:13And again: “I will put My trust in Him.” And once again: “Here am I, and the children God has given Me.”
kai palin ('and again') — the bare additive formula chaining a catena of proof-texts (Heb 1-2), the minimal citation frame
Where it is writtenPSA 110:1The LORD said to my Lord: “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.”Where it is quotedMRK 12:36“Speaking by the Holy Spirit, David himself declared: ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand until I put Your enemies under Your feet.”’”
autos David eipen en to pneumati to hagio ('David himself said by the Holy Ghost') — the human-author-plus-inspiration frame: names David AND the Spirit as co-speakers
Where it is writtenPSA 95:7“For He is our God, and we are the people of His pasture, the sheep under His care. Today, if you hear His voice,”Where it is quotedHEB 3:7“Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says: “Today, if you hear His voice,”
kathos legei to pneuma to hagion ('as the Holy Ghost saith') — present-tense legei with the SPIRIT as speaker; the 'eternal contemporaneity' present tense (Nicole's 41-instance class)

quotation-formula-marker

10 citations

Where it is writtenLUK 24:45“Then He opened their minds to understand the Scriptures.”Where it is quotedLUK 24:45“Then He opened their minds to understand the Scriptures.”
dienoixen... tou synienai tas graphas ('opened their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures') — the Emmaus meta-frame: how the risen Christ reads the whole of Scripture of himself
Where it is writtenMAT 26:56“But this has all happened so that the writings of the prophets would be fulfilled.” Then all the disciples deserted Him and fled.”Where it is quotedMAT 26:56“But this has all happened so that the writings of the prophets would be fulfilled.” Then all the disciples deserted Him and fled.”
touto de holon gegonen hina plerothosin hai graphai ton propheton ('that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled') — a plural-scriptures fulfillment frame with no single source; the arrest as fulfilling Scripture wholesale
Where it is writtenMRK 14:49Every day I was with you, teaching in the temple courts, and you did not arrest Me. But this has happened that the Scriptures would be fulfilled.”Where it is quotedMRK 14:49Every day I was with you, teaching in the temple courts, and you did not arrest Me. But this has happened that the Scriptures would be fulfilled.”
all' hina plerothosin hai graphai ('but that the scriptures might be fulfilled') — Mark's bare, sourceless fulfillment frame at the arrest
Where it is writtenJHN 20:9“For they still did not understand from the Scripture that Jesus had to rise from the dead.”Where it is quotedJHN 20:9“For they still did not understand from the Scripture that Jesus had to rise from the dead.”
oudepo gar edeisan ten graphen ('they knew not yet the scripture, that he must rise') — graphe-frame with a diffuse resurrection source; marks a citation-consciousness moment
Where it is writtenACT 17:11“Now the Bereans were more noble-minded than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if these teachings were true.”Where it is quotedACT 17:11“Now the Bereans were more noble-minded than the Thessalonians, for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the Scriptures every day to see if these teachings were true.”
anakrinontes tas graphas ('searching the scriptures daily, whether those things were so') — the Berean meta-frame: the site's own charter for how a reader should TEST a proposed citation
Where it is written1CO 15:3“For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures,”Where it is quoted1CO 15:3“For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures,”
apethanen... kata tas graphas ('died for our sins ACCORDING TO THE SCRIPTURES') — a credal citation frame with NO single OT source; a verse-pair table cannot hold it, this marker index can
Where it is writtenJHN 7:38Whoever believes in Me, as the Scripture has said: ‘Streams of living water will flow from within him.’”Where it is quotedJHN 7:38Whoever believes in Me, as the Scripture has said: ‘Streams of living water will flow from within him.’”
kathos eipen he graphe ('as the scripture hath said') introducing 'rivers of living water' — famously UNLOCATABLE to any single OT verse; a genuine crux the marker preserves honestly
Where it is writtenJAS 4:5“Or do you think the Scripture says without reason that the Spirit He caused to dwell in us yearns with envy?”Where it is quotedJAS 4:5“Or do you think the Scripture says without reason that the Spirit He caused to dwell in us yearns with envy?”
he graphe legei ('the scripture saith') introducing words matching no known OT text — a formula-marker crux; scholars debate whether it paraphrases or cites a lost source
Where it is writtenLUK 24:44Jesus said to them, “These are the words I spoke to you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about Me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms.”Where it is quotedLUK 24:44Jesus said to them, “These are the words I spoke to you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about Me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets, and the Psalms.”
dei plerothenai panta ta gegrammena en to nomo Moseos kai tois prophetais kai psalmois ('all things written... must be fulfilled') — the PROGRAMMATIC fulfillment statement, a formula over the whole canon rather than one verse
Where it is written1CO 15:4“that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,”Where it is quoted1CO 15:4“that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,”
egegertai... kata tas graphas ('raised the third day according to the scriptures') — diffuse-source citation frame (Hos 6:2? Jonah? Ps 16?), formula-marker only

rhethen

3 citations

Where it is writtenDAN 9:27And he will confirm a covenant with many for one week, but in the middle of the week he will put an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of the temple will come the abomination that causes desolation, until the decreed destruction is poured out upon him.”Where it is quotedMAT 24:15“So when you see standing in the holy place ‘the abomination of desolation,’ described by the prophet Daniel (let the reader understand),”
to bdelygma... to rhethen dia Daniel tou prophetou ('spoken of by Daniel the prophet') — rhethen frame, apocalyptic; Matthew's aside 'let him that readeth understand'
Where it is writtenEXO 3:6“Then He said, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” At this, Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God.”Where it is quotedMAT 22:31“But concerning the resurrection of the dead, have you not read what God said to you:”
ouk anegnote to rhethen hymin hypo tou theou ('have ye not read that which was spoken unto you BY GOD') — rhethen frame naming God, not a prophet, as speaker (Nicole's God-as-author class)
Where it is writtenISA 40:3“A voice of one calling: “Prepare the way for the LORD in the wilderness; make a straight highway for our God in the desert.”Where it is quotedMAT 3:3This is he who was spoken of through the prophet Isaiah: “A voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way for the Lord, make straight paths for Him.’”
houtos gar estin ho rhetheis dia Esaiou tou prophetou ('this is he that was spoken of by Isaiah') — the rhethen frame WITHOUT pleroo: identification, not fulfillment