MANNAFEST

Evidence — graded

Archaeology

Artifacts and inscriptions keyed to passages, confidence-graded — the stones, honestly weighed.

  • 104finds published
  • 2confidence tiers

Tier 1

64 finds
  • Shaphan — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    City of David bulla of 'Gemariah son of Shaphan'

    Biblical figure (Scribe under Josiah, 640/639-609 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 22:3

  • So (Osorkon IV) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Assyrian inscriptions

    Biblical figure (Pharaoh, 730-715 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 17:4

  • Tirhakah (Taharqa) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Egyptian hieroglyphic and Assyrian records

    Biblical figure (Pharaoh (Cush), 690-664 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 19:9

  • Necho II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Ashurbanipal inscriptions; Babylonian Chronicle

    Biblical figure (Pharaoh, 610-595 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2CH 35:20

  • Hophra (Apries) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Egyptian and Babylonian inscriptions

    Biblical figure (Pharaoh, 589-570 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 44:30

  • Mesha — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Mesha Stele (self-authored)

    Biblical figure (King of Moab, mid-9th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 3:4

  • Hadadezer — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Shalmaneser III inscriptions; Melqart stele

    Biblical figure (King of Aram-Damascus, early 9th c.-844/842 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1KI 22:3

  • Ben-hadad (son of Hadadezer) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Melqart stele

    Biblical figure (King of Aram-Damascus, 844/842 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 6:24

  • Hazael — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Shalmaneser III inscriptions; Zakkur stele; Tel Dan Stele (as unnamed victor, per one reconstruction); bridle/ivory inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Aram-Damascus, 844/842-ca. 800 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 8:8

  • Ben-hadad (son of Hazael) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Zakkur stele lines 4-5

    Biblical figure (King of Aram-Damascus, early 8th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 13:3

  • Rezin — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tiglath-pileser III inscriptions and stele

    Biblical figure (King of Aram-Damascus, mid-8th c.-732 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:37

  • Omri — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Mesha Stele; Assyrian inscriptions ('house of Omri')

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 884-873 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1KI 16:16

  • Ahab — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (Qarqar, 853 BC)

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 873-852 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1KI 16:28

  • Jehu — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (tribute scene, 841 BC); other Shalmaneser III inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 842/841-815/814 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 9:2

  • Joash (Jehoash) of Israel — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tell al-Rimah stele of Adad-nirari III

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 805-790 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 13:9

  • Jeroboam II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Seal of 'Shema servant of Jeroboam', Megiddo

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 790-750/749 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 13:13

  • Menahem — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tiglath-pileser III Calah Annals and stele

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 749-738 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:14

  • Pekah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tiglath-pileser III Summary Inscription 4

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, ca. 750-732/731 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:25

  • Hoshea — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tiglath-pileser III Summary Inscription 4

    Biblical figure (King of Israel, 732/731-722 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:30

  • Sanballat I — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Elephantine papyrus (TAD A4.7); Wadi Daliyeh bulla

    Biblical figure (Governor of Samaria, mid-5th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    NEH 2:10

  • David — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tel Dan Stele ('House of David'/bytdwd); Mesha Stele line 31 (restored, contested)

    Biblical figure (King of Judah/Israel (dynastic founder), ca. 1010-970 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1SA 16:13

  • Uzziah (Azariah) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Royal-servant seals (Abiyaw, Shubnayaw); the later 'bones of Uzziah' reburial plaque is Second-Temple, not contemporary

    Biblical figure (King of Judah, 788/787-736/735 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 14:21

  • Ahaz (Jehoahaz) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Tiglath-pileser III Summary Inscription 7; royal bulla

    Biblical figure (King of Judah, 742/741-726 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:38

  • Hezekiah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Sennacherib's Prisms ('shut up like a bird in a cage'); Ophel royal bulla (Mazar, scientifically excavated)

    Biblical figure (King of Judah, 726-697/696 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 18:1

  • Manasseh — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Judah, 697/696-642/641 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 20:21

  • Hilkiah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    City of David bulla of 'Azariah son of Hilkiah'

    Biblical figure (High priest under Josiah, 640/639-609 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 22:4

  • Shishak (Sheshonq I) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Bubastite Portal relief, Temple of Amun, Karnak; Megiddo stele fragment

    Biblical figure (Pharaoh, 945-924 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1KI 11:40

  • Azariah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    City of David bulla of 'Azariah son of Hilkiah'

    Biblical figure (High priest (Josiah's reign), 640/639-609 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    1CH 6:13

  • Gemariah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    City of David bulla of 'Gemariah son of Shaphan'

    Biblical figure (Official under Jehoiakim, 609-598 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 36:10

  • Jehoiachin (Jeconiah/Coniah) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Babylonian ration tablets (Jehoiachin ration records, Ishtar Gate archive)

    Biblical figure (King of Judah, 598-597 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 24:6

  • Tiglath-pileser III (Pul) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Multiple Assyrian royal inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Assyria, 744-727 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 15:19

  • Shalmaneser V (Ululaya) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Neo-Babylonian Chronicle; king-lists

    Biblical figure (King of Assyria, 726-722 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 17:3

  • Sargon II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Multiple Assyrian inscriptions; Khorsabad palace

    Biblical figure (King of Assyria, 721-705 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ISA 20:1

  • Sennacherib — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Rassam Cylinder, Taylor/Oriental Institute/Jerusalem Prisms; Lachish reliefs

    Biblical figure (King of Assyria, 704-681 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 18:13

  • Adrammelech (Arda-Mulissu) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Letter to Esarhaddon (Nineveh archive)

    Biblical figure (Son and assassin of Sennacherib, early 7th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 19:37

  • Esarhaddon — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Multiple Assyrian inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Assyria, 680-669 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 19:37

  • Merodach-baladan II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Sennacherib inscriptions; Neo-Babylonian Chronicles

    Biblical figure (King of Babylon, 721-710, 703 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 20:12

  • Nebuchadnezzar II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Numerous cuneiform tablets, cylinders, bricks; Babylonian Chronicle

    Biblical figure (King of Babylon, 604-562 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 24:1

  • Nebo-sarsekim — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Babylonian tablet BM 114789 (Nebo-Sarsekim tablet)

    Biblical figure (Official of Nebuchadnezzar II, early 6th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 39:3

  • Nergal-sharezer — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Nebuchadnezzar II Prism (Istanbul)

    Biblical figure (Officer of Nebuchadnezzar II, early 6th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 39:3

  • Nebuzaradan — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Nebuchadnezzar II Prism (Istanbul)

    Biblical figure (Chief officer of Nebuchadnezzar II, early 6th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 25:8

  • Evil-merodach (Amel-Marduk) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Babylonian inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Babylon, 561-560 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 25:27

  • Belshazzar — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Nabonidus Cylinder (Sippar); 'Verse Account of Nabonidus'; administrative tablets

    Biblical figure (Son and co-regent of Nabonidus, ca. 550-539 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    DAN 5:1

  • Cyrus II (the Great) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Cyrus Cylinder and royal inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Persia, 559-530 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2CH 36:22

  • Darius I (the Great) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Behistun inscription; numerous royal inscriptions

    Biblical figure (King of Persia, 522-486 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    EZR 4:5

  • Tattenai — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Babylonian tablet dated 502 BC naming Tattannu

    Biblical figure (Governor of Trans-Euphrates, late 6th-early 5th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    EZR 5:3

  • Xerxes I (Ahasuerus) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Own royal inscriptions; period documents

    Biblical figure (King of Persia, 486-465 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    EST 1:1

  • Artaxerxes I Longimanus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Own royal inscriptions; period documents

    Biblical figure (King of Persia, 465-425/424 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    EZR 4:7

  • Darius II Nothus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 1

    Own royal inscriptions; period documents

    Biblical figure (King of Persia, 425/424-405/404 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    NEH 12:22

  • Tel Dan Steletier 1

    Tel Dan, Upper Galilee (secondary use in a wall) · Israel Museum, Jerusalem (IAA)

    1KI 14:19

  • Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone)tier 1

    Dhiban (biblical Dibon), Jordan, 1868 · Louvre, Paris (AO 5066)

    2KI 3:4

  • Siloam (Shiloah) Tunnel Inscriptiontier 1

    Hezekiah's Tunnel, City of David, Jerusalem, 1880 · Istanbul Archaeology Museums (removed under Ottoman rule)

    2KI 20:20

  • Hezekiah Bulla (Ophel)tier 1

    Ophel, south of the Temple Mount, Jerusalem · Israel Antiquities Authority

    2KI 18:1

  • Sennacherib's Prisms (Taylor / Oriental Institute / Jerusalem)tier 1

    Nineveh (Kuyunjik) · British Museum (Taylor Prism); Oriental Institute, Chicago (OIP Prism); Israel Museum (Jerusalem Prism)

    2KI 18:13

  • Lachish Reliefstier 1

    Southwest Palace of Sennacherib, Nineveh · British Museum

    2KI 18:14

  • Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser IIItier 1

    Nimrud (Kalhu), central palace · British Museum (BM 118885)

    2KI 9:2

  • Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser IIItier 1

    Kurkh (Uctepe), near Diyarbakir, Turkey · British Museum

    1KI 16:28

  • Cyrus Cylindertier 1

    Babylon (Esagila temple foundations) · British Museum (BM 90920)

    EZR 1:1

  • Nabonidus Cylinder (Sippar)tier 1

    Sippar (and Ur duplicates) · British Museum

    DAN 5:1

  • Lachish Letters (Ostraca)tier 1

    Guardroom of the city gate, Tel Lachish · British Museum and Israel Museum

    JER 34:7

  • Ketef Hinnom Silver Scrollstier 1

    Burial cave, Ketef Hinnom (Hinnom Valley shoulder), Jerusalem · Israel Museum, Jerusalem

    NUM 6:24

  • Merneptah Stele (Israel Stele)tier 1

    Merneptah's mortuary temple, Thebes · Egyptian Museum, Cairo (JE 31408)

    JDG 2:1

  • Temple Warning (Soreg) Inscriptiontier 1

    Near the Temple Mount, Jerusalem · Istanbul Archaeology Museums (complete); Israel Museum (fragment)

    ACT 21:28

  • Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa-a)tier 1

    Qumran, Cave 1 · Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

    ISA 1:1

Tier 2

40 finds
  • Ananias son of Nedebaeus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 20.5.2; Masada ostracon (debated)

    Biblical figure (High priest at Paul's trial, AD 47-59) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 23:2

  • Augustus (Caesar) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Vast inscriptions, coins, Res Gestae

    Biblical figure (Roman emperor, 27 BC-AD 14) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    LUK 2:1

  • Tiberius (Caesar) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Vast inscriptions and coins

    Biblical figure (Roman emperor, AD 14-37) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    LUK 3:1

  • Claudius (Caesar) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Inscriptions and coins; expulsion of Jews noted by Suetonius

    Biblical figure (Roman emperor, AD 41-54) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 11:28

  • Herod I (the Great) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins; monumental building (Herodium, Temple Mount, Caesarea, Masada)

    Biblical figure (King of Judea, 37-4 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MAT 2:1

  • Herod Archelaus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins

    Biblical figure (Ethnarch of Judea, 4 BC-AD 6) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MAT 2:22

  • Shelemiah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    City of David bulla (2005, E. Mazar)

    Biblical figure (Father of the official Jehucal, late 7th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 37:3

  • Jehucal (Jucal) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    City of David bulla (2005, E. Mazar)

    Biblical figure (Official under Zedekiah, 597-586 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 38:1

  • Pashhur — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    City of David bulla (2008, E. Mazar)

    Biblical figure (Father of the official Gedaliah, late 7th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 38:1

  • Gedaliah (son of Pashhur) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    City of David bulla (2008, E. Mazar)

    Biblical figure (Official under Zedekiah, 597-586 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 38:1

  • Herod Antipas — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins minted at Tiberias

    Biblical figure (Tetrarch of Galilee, 4 BC-AD 39) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    LUK 3:1

  • Herodias — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 18.5.4

    Biblical figure (Wife of Antipas, 1st c. AD) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MRK 6:17

  • Philip the Tetrarch — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins

    Biblical figure (Tetrarch of Iturea/Trachonitis, 4 BC-AD 34) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    LUK 3:1

  • Herod Agrippa I — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins

    Biblical figure (King of Judea, AD 37-44) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 12:1

  • Herod Agrippa II — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins

    Biblical figure (King, AD 50-ca. 93) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 25:13

  • Bernice (Berenice) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; Beirut (Berytus) inscription; Athens inscription

    Biblical figure (Sister of Agrippa II, 1st c. AD) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 25:13

  • Drusilla — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 20.7.1-2

    Biblical figure (Wife of Felix, 1st c. AD) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 24:24

  • Publius Sulpicius Quirinius — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; Lapis Venetus (Q. Aemilius Secundus inscription); Lapis Tiburtinus (debated)

    Biblical figure (Legate of Syria, AD 6-9 (Syrian governorship)) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    LUK 2:2

  • Pontius Pilate — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Pilate Stone (Caesarea, 1961); Josephus; Tacitus Ann. 15.44; bronze prutot coins; the Herodium 'Pilatus' ring (contested)

    Biblical figure (Prefect of Judea, AD 26-36/37) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MAT 27:2

  • Lucius Junius Gallio — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Delphi (Gallio) Inscription -- rescript of Claudius; Seneca; Tacitus

    Biblical figure (Proconsul of Achaia, proconsul ca. AD 51-52) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 18:12

  • Marcus Antonius Felix — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; Tacitus; coins

    Biblical figure (Procurator of Judea, AD 52-ca. 59) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 23:24

  • Porcius Festus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; coins minted under Festus

    Biblical figure (Procurator of Judea, AD 59-62) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 24:27

  • Aretas IV — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus; Nabatean inscriptions; coins

    Biblical figure (King of Nabatea, 9 BC-AD 40) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2CO 11:32

  • Sergius Paulus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Latin inscription(s) naming a Sergius Paullus (Rome; and a Cyprus/Soloi fragment, debated)

    Biblical figure (Proconsul of Cyprus, mid-1st c. AD) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ACT 13:7

  • Erastus — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Erastus pavement inscription, Corinth ('Erastus...aedile laid [this pavement] at his own expense')

    Biblical figure (City official (oikonomos) of Corinth, mid-1st c. AD) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ROM 16:23

  • Deir Alla Plaster Inscription (Balaam Text)tier 2

    Tell Deir Alla, Jordan Valley · Jordan Archaeological Museum, Amman

    NUM 22:5

  • Pilate Stonetier 2

    Reused in the theater at Caesarea Maritima · Israel Museum, Jerusalem (replica at Caesarea)

    LUK 3:1

  • Caiaphas Ossuarytier 2

    Burial cave, Peace Forest (North Talpiot), Jerusalem · Israel Museum, Jerusalem

    MAT 26:57

  • Delphi (Gallio) Inscriptiontier 2

    Temple of Apollo, Delphi, Greece · Archaeological Museum of Delphi

    ACT 18:12

  • Balaam son of Beor — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Tell Deir Alla plaster inscription ('Balaam son of Beor, seer of the gods')

    Biblical figure (Non-Israelite seer, inscription ca. 800 BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    NUM 22:5

  • Baalis — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Ammonite seal impression, Tell el-Umayri

    Biblical figure (King of the Ammonites, late 7th-early 6th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JER 40:14

  • Geshem (Gashmu) the Arabian — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Aramaic silver-bowl inscription, Tell el-Maskhuta (naming Qainu son of Geshem, king of Qedar)

    Biblical figure (Arabian opponent of Nehemiah, late 5th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    NEH 6:1

  • Shebna (Shebnayahu) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Silwan 'Royal Steward' tomb-lintel inscription (name partly broken)

    Biblical figure (Royal steward under Hezekiah, late 8th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    ISA 22:15

  • Jaazaniah — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Agate seal 'belonging to Jaazaniah servant of the king', Tell en-Nasbeh (Mizpah)

    Biblical figure (Officer, associate of Gedaliah, early 6th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 25:23

  • Isaiah the prophet — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Ophel bulla reading 'Yesha'yah[u] nvy[...]' (E. Mazar 2018)

    Biblical figure (Prophet, late 8th c. BC) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    2KI 19:2

  • Jesus of Nazareth — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Tacitus Annals 15.44; Josephus Ant. 18.3.3 (Testimonium, partial interpolation) and 20.9.1 (James passage, widely accepted); Pliny Ep. 10.96

    Biblical figure (Jewish teacher, crucified under Pilate, ca. 4 BC-AD 30/33) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MRK 1:9

  • John the Baptist — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 18.5.2

    Biblical figure (Prophet/baptizer, d. ca. AD 28-29) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MRK 1:4

  • James (brother of Jesus) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 20.9.1

    Biblical figure (Jerusalem church leader, d. AD 62) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    GAL 1:19

  • Annas (Ananus son of Seth) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 18.2.1-2

    Biblical figure (High priest, AD 6-15) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    JHN 18:13

  • Caiaphas (Joseph Caiaphas) — attested in contemporary inscriptiontier 2

    Josephus Ant. 18.2.2; ornate ossuary 'Yehosef bar Qayafa' (Jerusalem, 1990); Miriam-daughter-of-Yeshua ossuary (2011) naming the Qayafa priestly family

    Biblical figure (High priest at Jesus's trial, AD 18-36/37) identified in extra-biblical epigraphy.

    MAT 26:57