Numberschapter 24
25 verses · Moses, by tradition · 15th to 13th century BC · The Law
Key verse
I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near. A star will come forth from Jacob, and a scepter will arise from Israel. He will crush the skulls of Moab and strike down all the sons of Sheth.
It stands in A star shall come out of Jacob, verses 15 to 19.
The chapter
Chapter summary
Balaam's third and fourth oracles. No enchantments now. The Spirit of God comes upon him. ‘How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel!’ (24:5). Balak's anger rises; Balaam refuses bribe and land. Then the fourth oracle, looking beyond: ‘I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel’ (24:17). A messianic oracle heard by the Magi centuries later. Further oracles against Moab, Amalek, the Kenites, Ashur, Eber, Chittim. Calvin reads the chapter as the mystery that God can put prophetic truth in the mouth of a reluctant prophet.
Context
Law · Moses · Numbers overview
The world behind this chapter
Numbers 24The history
The speaker is still Balaam, and in this chapter he stops being a diviner. He gives up looking for omens, turns toward the wilderness, and the Spirit of God comes on him.
The time and the place are those of chapter 23, the fortieth year, on the hills above the plains of Moab.
The rest of the history, and what it meant to them
What he can see from the height is the camp lying tribe by tribe in the order set at Numbers 2. What he describes is what he can see.
The occasion is the last attempt of a client to get the service he paid for, and the chapter ends with the two men parting.
A first hearer knew that star and sceptre were both standard royal images across the ancient Near East, so the oracle of verse 17 announced a king in the ordinary language of kingship. He also knew the horizon the oracle set for itself, since verse 14 says the latter days before the words are spoken.
He knew the names in the closing oracles. Agag was a king of Amalek and the name returns at 1 Samuel 15:8. Kittim is Cyprus and by extension the seafaring west, and Asshur is Assyria, and neither was yet threatening Israel when these words were spoken.
Keil and Delitzsch note that the aloes of verse 6 are an eastern tree that did not grow in Moab, so the image was fetched from beyond the speaker's own country.
What it meant to them
For a nation that had spent forty years being told what it had done wrong, hearing itself described as gardens beside a river was a reversal. The man saying it had been paid to curse them.
The star oracle gave Israel something to watch for. A king was coming out of these tents, and the man who announced it was a foreigner on a hired errand.
Sources cited
- Gordon J. Wenham, Numbers (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries)
- John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
- John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament , 1748 to 1763, on Numbers 24:17
Where the chapter sits
Numbers 24 falls in Approach to Moab (chapters 21–25). The bronze serpent; Balaam's oracles; apostasy at Baal-peor.
Balaam's Star oracle. ‘There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel.’
Before it: Wilderness rebellions and instruction, chapters 15–20. After it: Second census and preparations, chapters 26–36.
The whole shape of Numbers→The structure of this chapter
The heads below are this chapter's scenes. The numbered points under each are its verses.
A. How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob
1. (vv. 1-2)
Numbers 24:1
“He did not now retire into a solitary place as before, but set his face directly towards the wilderness where Israel lay encamped; and, since there is no remedy, but they must be blessed, he will design nothing else, but will submit by compulsion. Now the Spirit of God came upon him, that is, the Spirit of prophecy, as upon Saul to prevent him from taking David, 1 Sam. xix.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
1 more voice on this verseWhat preachers and commentators have said about this verse, in their own words.
Numbers 24:1
“He went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments - We have already had occasion to observe that the proper meaning of the word נחש nachash is not easily ascertained; see Num 21:9 (note), and Gen 3:1 (note). Here the plural נחשים nechashim is rendered enchantments; but it probably means no more than the knowledge of future events.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Numbers 24:2
“It is said, then, that the Spirit of God was upon him, not as if it had begun to inspire him at that particular moment when he cast his eyes upon the camp of Israel; but because it prompted him to look in that direction, in order that the impulse of prophecy might be stronger in him, as respecting a thing actually before his eyes.”
John Calvin· Commentaries (1554)reformed
Twice before this Balaam went aside to meet omens, at 23:3 and 23:15, and the men who fetched him carried the rewards of divination at 22:7. Here he stops, because 23:23 had already told him there is no enchantment against Jacob. What he sees when he turns is the camp lying tribe by tribe in the order set at Numbers 2, and the text then says the spirit of God came upon him. Matthew Henry sets that beside 1 Samuel 19:23, where the same words fall on Saul while Saul is hunting David.
2. (vv. 3-4)
Numbers 24:3
“He took up his parable - His prophetic declaration couched in highly poetic terms, and in regular metre, as the preceding were. The man whose eyes are open - I believe the original שתם shethum, should be translated shut, not open; for in the next verse, where the opening of his eyes is mentioned, a widely different word is used, גלה galah, which signifies to open or reveal.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:3
“Whose eyes are open - Hebrew. Who had his eyes shut, but now open. The eyes of his mind, which God had opened in a peculiar and prophetical manner, whence prophets are called Seers, 1 Sam. ix, 9.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Numbers 24:4
“Falling into a trance - There is no indication in the Hebrew that he fell into a trance; these words are added by our translators, but they are not in the original. נפל nophel is the only word used, and simply signifies falling, or falling down, perhaps in this instance by way of religious prostration.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:4
“The vision - So called properly, because he was awake when this was revealed to him: A trance - Or, extasy, fainting and falling upon the ground, as the prophets used to do.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
The oracle opens with a formula Balaam uses twice, here and again word for word at verse 15, naming himself and calling himself the man whose eyes are open. Two things sit together in verse 4, that he heard the words of God and saw the vision of the Almighty, and that he fell down. The King James prints into a trance as a supplied phrase, since the Hebrew says only that he fell and leaves the state unnamed, and Adam Clarke and Keil and Delitzsch differ over how much weight to put on it. The man reporting God accurately in these two verses is the man 2 Peter 2:15 describes as one who loved the wages of unrighteousness.
3. (vv. 5-6)
Numbers 24:5
“How goodly are thy tents, . . . O Israel!--a fine burst of admiration, expressed in highly poetical strains. All travellers describe the beauty which the circular area of Bedouin tents impart to the desert.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Numbers 24:6
“Lign aloes which the Lord hath planted - Or, as the tents which the Lord hath pitched; for it is the same word, אהלים ohalim, which is used in the 5th verse. But from other parts of Scripture we find that the word also signifies a species of tree, called by some the sandal tree, and by others the lignum or wood aloes.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:6
“As the valleys--Hebrew, "brooks," the watercourses of the mountains. lign aloes--an aromatic shrub on the banks of his native Euphrates, the conical form of which suggested an apt resemblance to a tent.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
The man hired to curse supplies the words that open the Jewish morning prayer known as Mah Tovu, which begins from verse 5. What he praises is what he can see from the height, tents pitched by standard, and the four pictures in verse 6 are all of water and growth in dry country. Trees the Lord hath planted is the one picture with a planter named in it, and Psalm 1:3 keeps the same figure. Keil and Delitzsch identify the lign aloes as an eastern tree that did not grow in Moab, so the image is fetched from beyond the speaker's own country.
4. (v. 7)
Numbers 24:7
“Balaam’s native soil was ordinarily irrigated by water fetched from the neighboring Euphrates, and carried in buckets suspended from the two ends of a pole. Thus the metaphor would import that Israel should have his own exuberant and unfailing channels of blessing and plenty. Some take the word to be predictive of the future benefits which, through the means of Israel, were to accrue to the rest of the world.”
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:7
“Than Agag - Than the King of the Amalekites, which King and people were famous and potent in that age, as may be guessed by their bold attempt upon so numerous a people as Israel. And it is probable, that Agag was the common name of the Amalekitish Kings, as Abimelech was of the Philistines, and Pharaoh of the Egyptians, and Caesar of the Romans.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Israel has no king anywhere in Numbers and this line gives him one, set higher than Agag, a name that returns at 1 Samuel 15:8 when Saul spares the king of Amalek and Samuel does not. Whether Agag is one man's name or a standing title carried by Amalek's kings is disputed, and Adam Clarke sets out both readings. The Septuagint has Gog in this verse where the Hebrew has Agag, and the older commentators divide over which stands behind the other. Water poured out of his buckets and seed in many waters is a figure of numerous offspring, which is what 23:10 had already said in asking who can count the dust of Jacob.
5. (vv. 8-9)
Numbers 24:8
The oracle in the previously quoted prophecy, in saying that the Lord would come into Egypt, foretold the journey of our Lord Jesus Christ when he went into Egypt with his parents. Here we have the prophecy of his return from Egypt in its natural order, when he came back with his parents into the land of Israel, in the words "God led him out of Egypt."
Eusebius of Caesarea· written before 339· PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 8.3patristic
Numbers 24:9
“He couched, he lay down as a lion, etc. - See the original terms explained Num 23:24 (note). These oracles, delivered by Balaam, are evident prophecies of the victories which the Israelites should gain over their enemies, and of their firm possession of the promised land. They may also refer to the great victories to be obtained by the Lord Jesus Christ, that Lion of the tribe of Judah, over sin, death, and Satan, the grand enemies of the human race; and to that most numerous posterity of spiritual children which should be begotten by the preaching of the Gospel.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Verse 8 repeats the opening of the third oracle at 23:22 with one change, that God brought them out becomes God brought him forth, so the nation is spoken of as a single man. The unicorn of the King James is the reem, a wild ox, and Job 39:9-10 uses it of an animal no man puts in a furrow. Couched as a lion is the word Jacob spoke over Judah at Genesis 49:9, and it arrives here from a seer fetched out of Aram, as 23:7 says. Verse 9 then closes with the promise given to Abram at Genesis 12:3 and to Jacob at Genesis 27:29, which turns the errand inside out, since Balak paid for a curse and the man he paid pronounces a curse on whoever curses.
B. Balak's anger and Balaam's warning
1. (vv. 10-11)
Numbers 24:10
“And Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam,....”
Numbers 24:11
Lo, the Lord hath kept thee back from honor - A bitter and impious sarcasm. “Hadst thou cursed this people, I would have promoted thee to great honor; but thou hast chosen to follow the directions of Jehovah rather than mine, and what will he do for thee?”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Balak smites his hands together, a gesture Ezekiel 21:14 uses for a sword about to fall and Job 27:23 uses for scorn at a ruined man. His complaint keeps a count of three, and the ass had asked Balaam at 22:28 why he had smitten her these three times, so the number he throws at Balaam is the number Balaam earned from an animal. Then he says the Lord hath kept thee back from honour, which names the fee openly and lays the loss of it on God.
2. (vv. 12-14)
Numbers 24:13
“If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold,....”
Numbers 24:14
“What the counsel was is not set down here, because it was given privately, but we are told afterwards what it was, ch. xxxi. He counselled him to entice the Israelites to idolatry, Rev. ii. Since he could not have leave from God to curse them, he puts him in a way of getting help from the devil to tempt them.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
Balaam answers by quoting himself from 22:18, and the quotation is close without being exact, since the word of the Lord my God there becomes the commandment of the Lord here with of mine own mind added. He kept that word to the letter, and 2 Peter 2:15 still describes his way as the way of a man who loved the wages of unrighteousness. His offer to advertise Balak what this people shall do to thy people is the last thing he says before the fourth oracle, and 31:16 reports what he actually left behind, the counsel that brought Israel down at Peor. The phrase in the latter days occurs here for the first time in the King James Old Testament, and Genesis 49:1 rendered the same Hebrew as the last days when Jacob gathered his sons to tell them what would befall them.
C. A star shall come out of Jacob
1. (vv. 15-16)
Numbers 24:15
“The man whose eyes are open - See on Num 24:3 (note). It seems strange that our version should have fallen into such a mistake as to render שתם shethum, open, which it does not signify, when the very sound of the word expresses the sense. The Vulgate has very properly preserved the true meaning, by rendering the clause cujus obturatus est oculus, he whose eyes are shut. The Targum first paraphrased the passage falsely, and most of the versions followed it.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:15
“One day we had before us the book of Numbers written by Moses, and [Fabiola] modestly questioned me as to the meaning of the great mass of names there to be found. Why was it, she inquired, that single tribes were differently associated in this passage and in that, how came it to be that the soothsayer Balaam, in prophesying of the future mysteries of Christ, spoke more plainly of him than almost any other prophet? I replied as best I could and tried to satisfy her inquiries.”
Jerome· written before 420· LETTER 77.7patristic
Numbers 24:16
“And knew, the knowledge of the Most High - With the addition of these words, which point to the greater importance and the more distinctly predictive character of what follows, the introduction to this last parable is the same as the introduction to the preceding parable.”
The fourth oracle repeats the preamble of verse 3 word for word and adds one line, that he knew the knowledge of the most High. Most High is El Elyon, the name Melchizedek used of God at Genesis 14:18-20 and the name Abram then took onto his own lips at Genesis 14:22. Calvin reads a gift of this kind as a thing given without sanctifying the man who carries it, and the book bears him out at 31:8.
2. (v. 17)
Numbers 24:17
Although it was a gift of divine favor that the birth of the Savior should become recognizable to the nations, nevertheless, to understand the wonder of the sign, the wise men were also able to be reminded through the ancient pronouncements of Balaam, for they knew that it had at one time been spread abroad in a famous and memorable prediction: "A star will appear out of Jacob, and a man will rise up from Israel. He will rule over the nations."
Leo the Great· written before 461· SERMON 34.2patristic
2 more voices on this verse
Numbers 24:17
“A star - A title often given to, princes and eminent persons, and particularly to the Messiah, Rev. ii, 28; xxii, 16. A scepter - That is, a scepter-bearer, a king or ruler, even that scepter mentioned Gen. xlix, 10. The corners - The borders, which are often used in scripture for the whole country to which they belong.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Numbers 24:17
“THIS prophecy may have some reference to David, but we feel persuaded that the true design of the Holy Spirit is to set forth an emblem of our Lord Jesus Christ. All Nature, above as well as around us, is laid under contribution to set forth our Lord. All the flowers of the field and many of the beasts of the plain—and now the very orbs of Heaven—are turned into metaphors and symbols by which the Glory of Jesus may be manifested to us! Where God takes such pains to teach, we ought to be at pains to learn.”
Charles Spurgeon· written before 1892· The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, Sermon No. 3343: “'The Star Out of Jacob'” (lightly modernized text, CCEL edition)Particular Baptist
Balaam speaks of one man here, saying I shall see him, but not now, and the Sceptre he names is the word of Genesis 49:10, where the sceptre does not depart from Judah until Shiloh come. Targum Onkelos, the Aramaic rendering of the Torah read in the synagogue from the early centuries, gives the line of a king arising out of Jacob and the Messiah anointed from Israel, which John Gill cites, and in the second century Rabbi Akiva applied the verse to Simon bar Kosiba and named him Bar Kokhba, son of the star. Revelation 22:16 gives Christ the title of the bright and morning star without quoting this verse, and the reading of the star of Matthew 2 as its fulfilment is held by named writers including Matthew Henry and Adam Clarke rather than stated by the New Testament. The children of Sheth are read either as the line of Seth in Genesis 4:25, which would make the phrase mean all mankind, or as the sons of tumult, which is how the King James renders the parallel line at Jeremiah 48:45.
3. (vv. 18-19)
Numbers 24:18
“A possession - Which was also foretold, Gen. xxv, 23, and in part fulfilled, 2 Sam. viii, 14; 1 Chron. xviii, 13, but more fully by Christ, Amos ix, 12 Obad. i, 18, who shall subdue and possess all his enemies; here signified by the name of Edom, as Jacob or Israel, his brother, signifies all his church and people.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:18
“And Edom shall be a possession - That is, to David: as it is said: “And all they of Edom became David’s servants;” 2Sa 8:14. Seir also shall be a possession - That is, unto the king Messiah; as it is said: “And saviours shall come upon Mount Zion to judge the Mount of Esau; and the kingdom shall be the Lord’s;” Oba 1:21. See Ainsworth.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Numbers 24:19
“Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion,.... Meaning either David, or rather the Messiah; and so Jarchi interprets this of another ruler out of Jacob, even of the Messiah, of whom it is said, he shall have dominion from sea to sea; Psa 72:8, and shall destroy him, that remaineth of the city; chief city of Edom, or of any of the cities of it, signifying that there should be none left, see Oba 1:18, this is also applied to the days of the Messiah, in the ancient writings of the Jews (q). (q) Bemidbar Rabba, fol.”
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:19
“Destroy him that remaineth of the city - i. e., shall destroy those of every city that had previously escaped. The phrase tersely describes a conqueror who first defeats his enemies in battle, and then hunts out the fugitives until he has cut off all of every place (compare 1Ki 11:16). The victories of David were a partial accomplishment of the predictions Num 24:14, Num 24:18, but did not exhaust them.”
Edom and Seir are the country of Esau, and 2 Samuel 8:14 records David putting garrisons throughout all Edom, which is the nearest thing in the history to what verse 18 says. Verse 19 gives no name to the one who shall have dominion, and readers divide between David, whose reign answers verse 18 plainly, and a later figure, since verse 14 had set the whole oracle in the latter days. Keil and Delitzsch hold that both horizons stand together in the same words, and the text supplies no date of its own.
D. Amalek, the Kenite, and ships from Kittim
1. (vv. 20-22)
Numbers 24:20
“Amalek was the first of the nations - The most ancient and most powerful of all the nations or states then within the view of Balaam; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever, or his posterity אחריתו acharitho, shall be destroyed, or shall utterly fail. This oracle began to be fulfilled by Saul, 1Sa 15:7, 1Sa 15:8, who overthrew the Amalekites, and took their king, Agag, prisoner.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
2 more voices on this verse
Numbers 24:20
“In the book also, which is titled On Numbers, Scripture says: 'The beginning of the nations is Amalek, and his seed shall perish' (Num. XXIV, 20). And indeed, Amalek is not the first of all nations; but because by interpretation Amalek is taken to mean the king of the wicked, and the wicked are the nations: beware lest we should take the prince of this world, who commands the nations doing his will, whose seed shall perish.”
Ambrose of Milan· written before 397· The Six Days of Creationpatristic
Numbers 24:20
“He looked on Amalek - From the top of Pisgah, which was exceeding high, and gave him the prospect of part of all these kingdoms. The first - Hebrew. the firstfruits; so called either, because they were the first of all the neighbouring nations which were embodied together in one government: or, because he was the first who fought against Israel and was vanquished by them.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Numbers 24:21
“Thy nest - Thy dwelling-place, so called, either because it was in an high place, as nests commonly are: or in allusion to their name, for ken in Hebrew signifies a nest.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Numbers 24:22
“Until Asshur shall carry thee away captive - The Assyrians and Babylonians who carried away captive the ten tribes, 2Ki 17:6, and the Jews into Babylon, 2 Kings 25, probably carried away the Kenites also. Indeed this seems pretty evident, as we find some Kenites mentioned among the Jews after their return from the Babylonish captivity, 1Ch 2:55.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Amalek is called the first of the nations, and Genesis 36:12 makes Amalek a grandson of Esau, so the older commentators read first as first in the assault of Exodus 17:8 or first in standing rather than first in time. The two short oracles of verses 20 and 21 arrive together on one day at 1 Samuel 15, where Saul is sent against Amalek and warns the Kenites out from among them at 15:6. The Kenites are the people of Moses' father in law, who went up with Judah at Judges 1:16, so the oracle here addresses a friend of Israel. Thy nest in a rock plays on the sound of their name, and the captivity by Asshur in verse 22 is the Assyrian deportation the north met at 2 Kings 15:29.
2. (vv. 23-25)
Numbers 24:23
“When God doeth this - The eventual carrying away of the allies of Israel by Assyria presented itself to Balaam as the ruin of all peace and safety upon earth. One prediction was howerer, yet wanting, and is next given, namely, that the conquerors of the Kenites should fare no better than the Kenites themselves.”
Numbers 24:24
“Ships shall come from the coast of Chittim - Some think by Chittim the Romans, others the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, are meant. It is certain that the Romans did conquer the Assyrians, including all the people of Syria, Mesopotamia, etc., but Calmet strongly contends that by Chittim Macedonia is meant, and that the prophecy refers to the conquests of Alexander. Chittim was one of the sons of Javan, the son of Japheth, the son of Noah, Gen 10:4; and his posterity, according to Josephus, Antiq., 1. iii., c.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
2 more voices on this verse
Numbers 24:24
“Eber - The posterity of Eber, the Hebrew, who were the chief and flower of Eber's children. He also - Not the Hebrew: they shall have a better end; all Israel shall be saved; but the afflicter or scourge of Ashur and Eber, namely, the Grecian and Roman empire.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Numbers 24:24
“The Assyrians were themselves to be overthrown--first, by the Greeks under Alexander the Great and his successors; secondly, by the Romans. Eber--the posterity of the Hebrews (Ge 10:24). he also shall perish--that is, the conqueror of Asher and Eber, namely, the Greek and Roman empires.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Numbers 24:25
“Returned to his own place - i. e., among the Midianites to plot by new means against the people of God, and to perish in his sin Num 31:8, Num 31:16; Rev 2:14.”
1 more voice on this verse
Numbers 24:25
“To his place - To Mesopotamia; tho' afterwards he returned to the Midianites, and gave them that devilish counsel which was put in practice, chap. xxv, 16-18.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
The last parable is four lines long and names nobody for the ships, only the coast they come from. Chittim is Kittim, listed among the sons of Javan at Genesis 10:4 and taken for Cyprus with the western coasts beyond it, and Daniel 11:30 uses the same phrase of a fleet that turned a king back. Who Eber stands for is disputed, since the name is the ancestor of the Hebrews at Genesis 10:21 and can also carry the sense of the country beyond the river, and Albert Barnes and Keil and Delitzsch take it differently. Then Balaam goes to his place and Balak goes his way, and the next word the book has of him is 31:8, where he is killed among the kings of Midian, so what he did between these two verses the narrative leaves unsaid.
This page carries no textual note on Numbers 24. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →
Sources for this chapter
The summary
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory; John Calvin, Commentaries; John Wesley, Notes on the Old Testament and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.
The exposition
Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the Old Testament; John Calvin, Commentary on the Four Last Books of Moses Arranged in the Form of a Harmony; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament; Keil and Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament: The Pentateuch and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible.
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