Ezekielchapter 40
49 verses · KJVEzekiel book hub →
Key verse
In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year after that the city was smitten, in the selfsame day the hand of the Lord was upon me, and brought me thither.
It stands in scene A of the chapter, verses 1 to 4.
The chapter
Chapter summary
In the twenty-fifth year of the captivity, fourteen years after the city fell, Ezekiel is brought in visions of God to the land and set upon a very high mountain, where a man whose appearance was like brass stands with a line of flax and a measuring reed. The last nine chapters are the tour that follows. Here the outer court is measured: the east gate with its lodges and jambs and porch, the north and south gates matching it, the pavement and the thirty chambers, then the inner court, the tables for slaughtering the burnt-offering, the chambers for the singers and the priests, and finally the porch of the temple itself. The house reads this temple as millennial.
Context
Prophecy · Ezekiel · Ezekiel overview
Where the chapter sits
Ezekiel 40 falls in The Temple vision (chapters 40–48). Detailed architectural and liturgical vision. Literal-millennial (dispensational), symbolic-of-the-Church (Reformed), typological (amill) readings all surfaced. The glory returns; the city's name is YHWH Shammah (48:35).
The Temple vision begins. The tour of the visionary Temple with its measuring reed.
Before it: Gog and Magog, chapters 38–39.
The whole shape of Ezekiel→The world behind this chapter
Ezekiel 40The history
The date is given with unusual precision, and the reason is in the arithmetic: fourteen years to the day, near enough, since the city fell. A generation had passed. Ezekiel would have been about fifty.
The rest of the history, and what it meant to them
The guide carries two tools, and both were real surveyor's equipment. A linen cord for long distances, Egyptian tomb paintings show rope-stretchers measuring fields with a knotted line, and a measuring reed for short ones. The reed is defined in the text as six cubits, each a cubit and a handbreadth. That long cubit ran about twenty and a half inches, so the reed is roughly ten feet four inches. Every measurement in the next nine chapters is in those units.
The gate complexes he measures are a recognizable building type, not an invention. A city or temple gate of that era was a deep passage with three guard chambers on each side, a vestibule, and heavy door leaves, and archaeologists have excavated exactly this six-chambered plan at Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer. Ezekiel's gates are that familiar design, drawn much larger, with palm-tree carvings on the piers.
The layout is a series of levels. An outer court reached by seven steps, an inner court reached by eight more, chambers for the singers and the priests, and tables for slaughtering the burnt offering set in the gate porch. Height and access go together: the closer you get to the sanctuary, the higher you climb and the fewer people are permitted.
This vision is read here in the premillennial frame, a real sanctuary standing in a real land in the coming kingdom. Others read the measurements as a symbolic picture of God's dwelling with His people, or as a blueprint offered to the returning exiles that was never taken up; the reading is named rather than assumed.
What it meant to them
The first thing God says to Ezekiel here is set your heart on everything I show you, for you have been brought here in order to be shown it, and declare all you see to the house of Israel.
That instruction is the answer to a very practical exile grief. The building was ash and the plans were gone. What these men are handed is not a poem about God's presence but a measured structure with dimensions they can write down, which is what people build from.
Sources cited
- John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
- Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions
- C. F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Ezekiel
A. A man of bronze with a measuring reed
1. (vv. 1-4)
a.the hand of the Lord was upon me: The date fixes the vision to the twenty-fifth year of the captivity, the fourteenth after Jerusalem fell, a precision the book has kept since its opening verse and which several of the older commentators read as landing on a Jubilee year by their reckoning, a year of release given to the exile as a vision of return. The guide who meets the prophet on the high mountain carries a measuring reed and a line of flax, his appearance like brass, the same visitor language the book has used for heavenly figures before. The purpose is stated before a single measurement is taken, declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel: whatever the architecture means, it is first addressed to exiles who have lost their temple, a framing the commentators keep in view across all nine chapters. The site receives the vision as the premillennial writers and the early church did, a real temple in a restored land whose measurements mean what measurements mean, and the reading that dissolves nine chapters of architecture into figure is answered by the chapters themselves.
Ezekiel 40:1, 2 voicesWhat preachers and commentators have said about this verse, in their own words.
Ezekiel 40:1
“In the first and twentieth year - This was the fiftieth year from the 18th of Josiah, the year of his memorable Passover 2Ki 23:22. See the Eze 1:1 note. If that was a jubilee year, which is highly probable, this vision also falls in a jubilee year, which seems appropriate. The jubilee year began with the month of Tisri, a sufficient reason for speaking of the time as “the beginning of the year.” The tenth day of this month was the day of atonement Lev 16:29-30.”
Ezekiel 40:1
“Of our captivity - Of those that were carried away into captivity with Jeconiah eleven years before Jerusalem was burnt. And this falls in with the three thousand three hundred and seventy fourth year of the world, about five hundred and seventy four years before Christ's incarnation.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:2, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:2
“By which - Better as in the margin. (compare Eze 43:12). As the frame of a city - It is not “a city” which is seen, but a building (the temple and its courts) like a city in its construction, surrounded by massive walls. On the south - southward, i. e., on the southern slope, just as the temple actually stood on Mount Moriah. The temple was at the northeast corner of the city - part of the western portion of the city being more to the north, but no part directly north of the temple.”
Ezekiel 40:2
“In the visions of God - By this it appears it was not a corporeal transportation of the prophet. The frame - The portrait of a city. On the south - On the south of the mountain, where the prophet was set.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:3, 3 voices
Ezekiel 40:3
“This man spoke to the prophet, in whose hand was a cord, and whose appearance was like bronze, and he held a reed in his hand. He spoke to Ezekiel, a true architect, whom Paul the apostle imitated, saying: Like a wise architect, I have laid the foundation. But he calls him the wise architect, to distinguish him from the foolish one, who is called an unworthy shepherd in Zechariah.”
Jerome· written before 420· COMMENTARY ON EZEKIEL 12:40.1-4patristic
Ezekiel 40:3
“The appearance of brass - Brightly shining. A line of flax - For measuring the ground plan. A measuring reed - For the walls (compare Jer 31:38-39). To measure implied a separation for sacred purposes. The measurements are: (1) exact, to show that the promise is certain; (2) equal, to denote harmony; (3) vast, to mark majesty and grandeur.”
Ezekiel 40:3
“A man - The same no doubt that appeared to the prophet, chap. i, 26, whose name is the branch, and who builds the temple, Zech vi, 12, 13, whose colour was like burnished brass; Rev. i, 15, which speaks glory and strength.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:4, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:4
“Declare all that thou seest to the house of Israel - That they may know how to build the second temple, when they shall be restored from their captivity.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
B. The east gate measured, chamber by chamber
1. (v. 5)
a.a measuring reed of six cubits: The reed itself is measured before it measures anything else, six cubits long by the cubit and an hand breadth, a longer cubit than the common measure used elsewhere in Scripture, roughly a handbreadth more per unit. Keil and the commentators who work through this architecture note that every dimension in these chapters is stated in this same long cubit, so the numbers that follow are not directly comparable to Solomon's temple measurements given in the ordinary cubit without the conversion. The wall's own first measurement, one reed broad and one reed high, sets the scale for the whole tour that follows.
Ezekiel 40:5, 3 voices
Ezekiel 40:5
“The boundary wall of the temple-courts. See Plan II. A wall on the outside of the house - The wall enclosing the courts in which were the entrance gates. By the cubit and an hand breadth - The Jews first used a cubit of fifteen inches, applying it principally to the vessels and furniture of the temple; next a cubit of eighteen inches (“a hand-breadth” longer than the former cubit); and lastly, after the captivity, the Babylonian cubit of twenty-one inches (a “hand-breadth” more).”
Ezekiel 40:5
“A wall - This was that outmost wall, that compassed the whole mount Sion, upon whose top the temple stood. The man's hand - Christ, hath, and keeps the reed in his own hand, as the only fit person to take the measures of all. A measuring reed - Or cane, for this measuring rod was of those canes growing in that country, long, and light, which architects made use of.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:5
“Of the several gates with the chambers adjoining to them. Here is no mention of the outer court of all, which was called the court of the Gentiles, some think because in gospel-times there should be such a vast confluence of Gentiles to the church that their court should be left unmeasured, to signify that the worshippers in that court should be unnumbered, Rev. vii.”
Matthew Henry· Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
2. (vv. 6-16)
a.went up the stairs thereof: The tour begins at the east gate, threshold, chambers, porch, posts, and arches measured in careful sequence, palm trees carved on every post, the vision's method throughout these chapters: an eyewitness walking a building rather than a plan drawn for a builder to follow. The gate's orientation is not incidental; the glory that left this temple by the way of the east in the earlier vision at 11:23 will return by the same eastern gate at 43:4, and the commentators read the tour's own starting point as already pointing toward that return. The measurements, an hundred cubits of frontage and the smaller cubits of each chamber and post, are carried as the text gives them without forcing a single reconstruction the words themselves do not draw.
Ezekiel 40:6, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:6
“Went up the stairs thereof - As the temple was built upon an eminence, there must have been steps on the outside, opposite to each door, to ascend by. And it appears there were steps to go up from one court to another, see Eze 40:22, Eze 40:26, Eze 40:34, Eze 40:37; and also from the court of the priests to the sanctuary, Eze 40:49. See MMMMM in the plan.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:9, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:9
“The porch - Probably another porch, or another gate distinct from that, ver. 6. The posts - These were half columns, that from the floor to the height of the wall jetted out, as if one half of the column were in the wall, and the other without, and the protuberance of this half column, was one cubit.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:14, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:14
“He made also posts of threescore cubits,.... Jerom thinks, that between the outward wall which surrounded this building, and the building itself, these posts or pillars were placed for ornament, which took up the space of sixty cubits; but rather these design the posts or columns of the gate, which supported the arch over it, on which were rooms or stories, and these were sixty cubits high; for of their height is this measure to be understood.”
Ezekiel 40:14
“He made - Measured, and thereby shewed what kind of posts they should be. Threescore cubits - Probably this refers to the height of this gate built up two stories above the arch, and the posts in their height are only mentioned, but imply all the rest of the building over the east gate.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:16, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:16
“Narrow windows - Windows narrowed inward to the middle. Their posts - The upper lintel of each door over which was a window. To the arches - Windows under the arches between post and post, to give light to the five cubits space between chamber and chamber.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
C. The outer court and the north and south gates
1. (vv. 17-19)
a.thirty chambers were upon the pavement: The tour moves to the outward court, where a pavement runs the length of the gates and thirty chambers stand upon it, a number the commentators leave as the text gives it without allegorizing. The lower pavement is distinguished from the gates it borders, and the guide then measures the full breadth from the outer gate to the inner court, an hundred cubits eastward and northward, fixing the outer court's scale before the tour turns to its other gates. Fairbairn reads the repeated hundred-cubit measure as the same governing unit that will recur through the whole complex.
Ezekiel 40:17, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:17
“The “outward” or outer “court” (o, Plan II) corresponds to what was in Herod’s temple the court of Women, into which all Jews, but not Gentiles were admitted. Eze 40:17 Chambers - (I) See Jer 35:2. A pavement - (H) Of mosaic work 2Ch 7:3; Est 1:6 which formed a border of forty-four cubits. On each side of the court in which there were gates, i. e., on east, north, and south. It was called the “lower pavement” to distinguish it from the pavement of the inner court; the outer court being lower than the inner Eze 40:”
Ezekiel 40:18, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:18
“The higher pavement was level with the entrance of the gates, the lower was on either side of the raised pavement thus formed. Whereas Solomon's temple had an outer court open to alterations and even idolatrous innovations (2Ki 23:11, 12; 1Ch 20:5), in this there was to be no room for human corruptions.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Ezekiel 40:18
“The length - The length was measured fifty cubits. The inner pavement - The side pavement was laid somewhat lower than this middle pavement, not only for state, but for the more convenient, keeping it clean; so the middle pavement rose with a little convex surface.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:19, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:19
“Then he measured the breadth from the fore front of the lower gate,.... That is, from the front of the inner eastern gate before mentioned, Eze 40:7, called the lower gate, in respect of the gate opposite to it, which led into the inner court, to which there was an ascent of eight steps; and which the Targum calls the middle gate, because it lay between the eastern outward gate, and the gate of the inward court.”
2. (vv. 20-23)
a.looked toward the north: The north gate of the outer court repeats the east gate's own pattern almost word for word, three chambers on each side, posts and arches after the measure of the first gate, fifty cubits by twenty-five, seven steps going up with palm trees on the posts. The unit carries one note because the text itself carries one description twice, the symmetry being the point rather than any new detail: Keil reads the deliberate repetition as building the sense of an ordered, complete design rather than an improvised one. The inner court's own north gate stands directly over against this outer one, and the guide measures the hundred cubits between them before moving on.
Ezekiel 40:20, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:20
“The different approaches corresponded in plan. In the case of these two other gates, however, no mention is made of a building with thirty chambers such as was found on the east side. Only one was needed, and it was assigned to the east as being the sacred quarter, and that most conveniently situated for the officiating priests.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
3. (vv. 24-27)
a.he brought me toward the south: The south gate of the outer court is measured to the same pattern as the north and east, fifty cubits by twenty-five, seven steps, palm trees on the posts, the third of the outer court's three gates surveyed in the same formula. The gate in the inner court toward the south stands over against it, and the guide measures the hundred cubits from gate to gate a third time, the same governing distance holding on every side of the complex. Gill notes that the outer court's three gates, north, east, and south, leave no west gate named at all, a silence the commentators leave standing rather than filling.
D. The inner court gates and their porches
1. (vv. 28-31)
a.the inner court by the south gate: The inner court's south gate is measured to the familiar pattern, fifty cubits by twenty-five, but the detail that changes here matters: the going up to it had eight steps, one more than the seven steps of every outer gate already measured. The commentators read the added step as the architecture itself teaching ascent, the ground rising as the tour moves from the outer court toward the center, holiness measured in elevation the way the vision measures everything else, in cubits and reeds. The arches of this gate face toward the outer court, the same orientation every inner gate in the vision keeps toward the court it leads out from.
Ezekiel 40:30, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:30
“And the arches round about were five and twenty cubits long - That the five cubits broad should be read twenty-five is evident from Eze 40:21, Eze 40:25, Eze 40:29, Eze 40:33, and Eze 40:36, The word ועשרים veesrim, twenty, has probably been lost out of the text. Indeed the whole verse is wanting in two of Kennicott’s MSS., one of De Rossi’s, and one of mine, (Cod. B.) It has been added in the margin of mine by a later hand. It is reported to have been anciently wanting in many MSS.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:30
“This verse is omitted in the Septuagint, the Vatican manuscript, and others. The dimensions here of the inner gate do not correspond to the outer, though Eze 40:28 asserts that they do.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Ezekiel 40:31, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:31
“Utter court - Translate outward court Eze 40:37; Eze 42:1, Eze 42:7, Eze 42:14; Eze 44:19; Eze 46:20-21. Arches toward the outward court - See Eze 40:14 note. Eight steps - So for the east Eze 40:34 and north gates Eze 40:37. From the precincts to the outer court were “seven” steps, from the outer to the inner court “eight,” making together the number of the Psalms Ps. 120–134, supposed by some to have been called Psalms of Degrees, because they were sung by the choir of Levites upon the steps (“degrees”) of the temple-courts.”
2. (vv. 32-34)
a.into the inner court toward the east: The inner court's east gate completes the eastern line that began at the outer east gate earlier in the chapter, the same fifty by twenty-five measure and the same eight steps already seen at the inner south gate. Two gates now stand on this single axis, outer and inner, both facing the direction the glory departed by at 11:23 and will return by at 43:4, and the commentators read the doubled eastern gate as marking the very path the return will take. The palm trees on the posts, repeated a third time, are the vision's one recurring ornament across every gate in the complex.
3. (vv. 35-37)
a.he brought me to the north gate: The inner court's north gate closes out the third and last pair in the tour, matching the outer north gate the way the inner south and east gates already matched theirs, the same measure and the same eight steps rising toward the center. Three gates outside answered by three gates inside, on the same three sides, east, north, and south, complete the court's approach before the tour turns to what stands inside those gates. The pattern the vision has kept for thirty verses running, one description repeated with only the compass direction changing, is itself the point the commentators draw: an order too regular to be an accident of the prophet's memory.
E. Tables for the sacrifices and the porch of the house
1. (vv. 38-43)
a.by the posts of the gates: The chambers by the gate posts serve a working purpose, washing the burnt offering, and the eight tables set out in pairs handle the three offerings the law already names, burnt, sin, and trespass, the same categories Leviticus lays out for ordinary worship. Four tables of hewn stone are set apart for the burnt offering alone, with hooks fastened round about for hanging the flesh, a level of working detail that reads less like a symbol and more like a kitchen built for use. Keil takes the specificity here as evidence the vision means actual sacrifice to be offered in this house, a position the dispensational readers of the vision as a future temple share, while others read the offerings as part of the vision's total symbolism rather than a coming reinstitution.
Ezekiel 40:38, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:38
“The chambers - Render it: and chambers, not yet described. They were north of the altar, by the “posts” or pillars in front and along the sides of the gate-building. There were several gates in the gate-building.”
Ezekiel 40:38
“For Le 1:11 directs the sacrifices to be killed north of the altar; and Eze 8:5 calls the north gate, "the gate of the altar." And Eze 40:40 particularly mentions the north gate.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Ezekiel 40:39, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:39
“In the porch - Not under the covered portico, which was only ten cubits broad Eze 40:9, but in the angles formed by the porch and gate-front. If the gate-building projected with its porch forward on to the pavement of the inner court, the tables were fitly placed for carrying out the directions of the Law.”
Ezekiel 40:41, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:41
“Four tables - These were in the porch of the north gate, in the court of the priests: on them they slew, flayed, and cut up the victims. See dddd in the plan.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:42, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:42
“Omit “the” and “were.” These “four tables” are not the same as those mentioned before. The eight tables (T) were for slaying and preparing the victims, and were probably of wood, these (S) were of “hewn stone.” There may be in the number twelve a reference to the twelve tribes of Israel.”
Ezekiel 40:43, 2 voices
Ezekiel 40:43
“Hooks - The alternative renderings given in the margin indicate the doubtfulness of the translation of the original word. The form is dual, and indicates that it is some object usually found in pairs. Some suggest that they were borders or ledges set, on either side of the tables, a handbreadth from the edges, to prevent the instruments placed on them from falling off.”
Ezekiel 40:43
“Within - Within the porch, where these tables stood. Hooks - Hooks on which the slaughtered sacrifice might be hanged, while they prepared it farther.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
2. (vv. 44-46)
a.the chambers of the singers: Two chambers are set for the singers, a detail that assumes the temple choir David organized in 1 Chronicles 25 continues into the vision's worship, and two more are assigned to priests who keep the charge of the house and of the altar. The priests named are the sons of Zadok among the sons of Levi, the line that stayed faithful when other priests followed idolatry, singled out here before the vision explains the distinction fully in chapter 44. Fairbairn reads the naming this early as deliberate, planting the Zadokite line in the architecture itself before the law governing it is ever stated.
Ezekiel 40:44, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:44
“Without - Outside of the gate in the inner court. See N, Plan II. Singers - These were Levites of particular families, those of Heman, Asaph, and Merari, whose genealogy is carefully traced up to Levi (see marginal reference). These chambers (N, Plan II) may have been for the “singers and priests” who were for the time being engaged in the services of the temple. Other chambers (Eze 42:1 ff) were for the use of the “priests” at other times; and the Levites and singers, when “not” on duty, would find accommodation in the thirty chambers of the outer court.”
Ezekiel 40:45, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:45
“The priests, whose chambers (L) are here provided, were those whose business it was to exercise this oversight which had devolved upon them as descendants of Aaron Num 3:32.”
Ezekiel 40:46, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:46
“The position of the “chamber” looking to the north commanded a view of the brasen altar and the sacrifices, which were prepared at the north side of the altar. The sons of Zadok - The priests were all descended from one or other of the two sons of Aaron, Eleazar and Ithamar. David distributed the priestly offices between the families of Zadok, the representative of Eleazar, and Ahimelech, the representative of Ithamar 1Ch 24:”
3. (vv. 47-49)
a.an hundred cubits long: The inner court itself is measured last, an hundred cubits long and an hundred cubits broad, foursquare, a perfect square framing the altar that stands before the house, though the altar's own measurements wait for chapter 43. The porch is measured next, its posts, its gate of three cubits on each side, and its pillars, and the tour stops at the very threshold of the house without yet stepping inside it. The chapter has walked the prophet through gate after gate and court after court in careful order, and the pause at the porch, poised but not yet entered, sets up the house itself as the next chapter's subject.
Ezekiel 40:48, 3 voices
Ezekiel 40:48
"And he brought me into the porch of the temple, and he measured the porch five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side." Moreover, the aforementioned man led Ezekiel into the vestibule, or πρόπυλον of the temple, which measured five cubits on each side, for the one who was brought in had been trained in divine understanding and knew neither right nor left, but entered by the royal way.
Jerome· written before 420· Commentary on Ezekielpatristic
Ezekiel 40:48
“Breadth of the gate - It is evident that the gate was a bivalve, or had folding doors. The length of the porch was twenty cubits. Josephus says the vestibule was twenty cubits long and ten broad. Antiq. lib. 8:3, 2.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:48
“The breadth - The whole breadth was eleven cubits, but the breadth of each leaf of this folding-gate was three cubits, and they met, or shut on an upright post, set in the middle of the gate space, and this was one cubit broad.”
John Wesley· Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
Ezekiel 40:49, 1 voice
Ezekiel 40:49
“1Ki 6:3 designates the number by the lesser next round number, "ten"; Ezekiel here, by the larger number, "eleven" [MENOCHIUS]. The Septuagint reads "twelve." he brought me by the steps--They were ten in number [Septuagint].”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown· Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
The text of this chapter
This page carries no textual note on Ezekiel 40. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →
This page draws on 9 works. Open for the list.
This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826); Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Ezekiel; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871); Jerome; John Gill; John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765); Matthew Henry and Patrick Fairbairn, An Exposition of Ezekiel.
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