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2 Chronicles

Summary

Chapter summary

Josiah's passover is the largest recorded. He restores the Levites to their courses, tells them to put the holy ark in the house and serve the people, and gives from his own substance thirty thousand lambs and kids and three thousand oxen, with the princes giving besides. The priests stand in their place, the singers in theirs, and the offerings are roasted and divided according to the writings of David and Solomon. 'There was no passover like to that kept in Israel from the days of Samuel the prophet.' Then Neco marches to Carchemish; Josiah disguises himself and will not hear the words from the mouth of God, is shot by archers at Megiddo, and Jeremiah laments for him.

Context

History · Ezra2 Chronicles overview

  • A. 1–9 Put the ark in the house; princes give lambs by the thousands
  • B. 10–19 No Passover kept like it since the days of Samuel
  • C. 20–27 Josiah goes down to Megiddo, and Jeremiah laments him

The outline

  1. A.Put the ark in the house; princes give lambs by the thousandsvv. 1 to 9

    Read vv. 1 to 9
  2. B.No Passover kept like it since the days of Samuelvv. 10 to 19

    Read vv. 10 to 19
  3. C.Josiah goes down to Megiddo, and Jeremiah laments himvv. 20 to 27

    Read vv. 20 to 27

The world behind this chapter

2 Chronicles 35
When
Josiah's Passover, and his death at Megiddo · The Passover in 622 BC; the battle in 609 BC
Where
The temple courts at Passover, then the plain of Megiddo where the Egyptian army passed
Who first heard it
A community keeping Passover in a small city, holding joy and grief at once

The history

The instructions to the Levites include a quiet landmark: put the holy ark in the house Solomon built; it shall not be a burden on your shoulders. The carrying duty that defined the tribe since Sinai is formally retired, and they are reassigned to serve the people and the offerings.

The provisions are itemized: thirty thousand lambs and kids and three thousand bulls from the king's own possessions, with large gifts from the officials and from the chiefs of the Levites. The Passover lamb had to be provided for every household, and the crown covered the poor.

The preparation shows the priests and Levites working an assembly line — Levites killing the animals, priests sprinkling the blood, the lambs roasted with fire as the ordinance says, and the other holy offerings boiled in pots, cauldrons, and pans and carried quickly to the people. The two cooking methods sit side by side because the law specifies roasting for the Passover lamb and permits boiling for the other offerings, and the writer records the practice that honored both.

The staffing detail is the sort only an insider keeps: the singers were in their place and did not have to leave it, and the gatekeepers stayed at every gate, because their fellow Levites prepared their portions for them.

Then, thirteen years later, Neco of Egypt marched north to the Euphrates. Babylonian records for these years show Egypt moving north to prop up the last remnant of Assyria against Babylon at Carchemish, which is exactly the campaign described. Neco sent word that his quarrel was not with Judah and that God had sent him; Josiah disguised himself and fought anyway, was hit by archers, was moved to a second chariot, and died. Jeremiah lamented for him, and the singing men and women kept those laments in use for generations.

What it meant to them

The best Passover since the days of Samuel, and the death of the last good king, stand in the same chapter. The first hearers, keeping the feast in a small, walled-in city, lived in exactly that double truth.

And the warning is not one they could dismiss. Josiah ignored a word from God delivered through a foreign king, on the reasonable ground that a pagan pharaoh is not a prophet — and it killed him.

Sources cited

  • K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament
  • The Babylonian Chronicle (Chronicle of Nabopolassar; the Carchemish campaigns)

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The text of this chapter

This page carries no textual note on 2 Chronicles 35. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →

This page draws on Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory; John Wesley, Notes on the Old Testament and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.