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Isaiah 19:1

in Isaiah 19

This is the burden against Egypt: Behold, the LORD rides on a swift cloud; He is coming to Egypt. The idols of Egypt will tremble before Him, and the hearts of the Egyptians will melt within them.

BSB

The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾

ASV

The burden of Egypt. Behold, Jehovah rideth upon a swift cloud, and cometh unto Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall tremble at his presence; and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it.

KJV

The burden of Egypt. Behold, the Lord rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it.

This verse in Isaiah 19

Commentary

33 notes on this verse
The burden of Egypt;.... Or a prophecy concerning Egypt, as the Arabic version; a very grievous one, declaring many calamities that should come upon them. The Targum is, "the burden of the cup of cursing, to make the Egyptians drink.'' The people of the Jews reposed great confidence in the Egyptians their allies; wherefore, in order to break this confidence, it was necessary they should be acquainted with the destruction that was coming upon them, which is the design of this prophecy.

This site's exposition

the LORD rides on a swift cloud

on Isaiah 19:1-3

The burden against Egypt opens as "The idols of Egypt will tremble before Him", the language the Exodus used of the plagues against the gods. Civil collapse follows, "Egyptian against Egyptian", and a people will "resort to idols". Barnes traces the internal wars to the dynastic strife of the period.

The record, by era

The Church Fathers5 voices

A commentator

Augustine of Hippo

City of God 8.23 · Written before 430.

proposed

It is relevant to recall that holy Isaiah uttered a particular prophecy concerning Egypt: "And the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt within them" and the rest.In the same class with these prophets were those who rejoiced because they knew he had come whom they had been expecting. Such were Simeon and Anna, who recognized Jesus when he was born, and Elizabeth, who, in the Spirit, realized that he had been conceived, and Peter, who, by revelation of the Father, affirmed, "You are the Christ, the son of the living God."

A commentator

Hippolytus of Rome

Hippolytus Exegetical Fragments · Written before 235.

proposed

Under Egypt he meant the world, and under things made with hands its idolatry, and under the shaking its subversion and dissolution. And the Lord, the Word, he represented as upon a light cloud, referring to that most pure tabernacle, in which setting up His throne, our Lord Jesus Christ came into the world to shake error.

A commentator

Eusebius of Caesarea

PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 6:20 · Written before 339.

proposed

This prophecy says that the one who is begotten after the God and Lord of all things, meaning the Word of God, will come into Egypt, and not undercover or invisibly or without a body but riding on a light cloud, or better "on thick light." This is the meaning of the Hebrew word. Let the Hebrew children tell us when after the time of Isaiah the Lord visited Egypt, and which Lord it was. The God over all is one. Let them tell us how he is said to ride on "thick light" and to come to any particular place on the earth. Let them interpret "thick light" and explain why the Lord is not said to visit Egypt without it. Let them also say when the prophecy that the Egyptian idols made with hands would be shaken and Egyptians would fight Egyptians by the coming of the Lord is to have been fulfilled.

A commentator

Eusebius of Caesarea

PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 8:5 · Written before 339.

proposed

Now one can consider that the prophecy has not been fulfilled if the following are true: if the Egyptians in our own time cannot be seen to have abandoned the gods of their fathers and calling on the God of the prophets; throughout every town and city in the country of Egypt there are not altars built to the God that previously only the Hebrews acknowledged; the idols have not been shaken.… How can we deny that the prophecies of ages past have been fulfilled? They promised beforehand that the Lord would not come to Egypt in an incorporeal manner but on a light cloud, or better "on a thick light," which is the meaning of the Hebrew word. This figuratively speaks of his incarnation. The prophecy continues by calling him a human being who is the Savior, saying, "And he shall send to them a man who is a savior." The Hebrew here is, "And he shall send to them a savior who will save them." This clear demonstration leads me to conclude that there is no doubt of the time of the promise of the appearing of the Lord.

A commentator

Eusebius of Caesarea

PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 9:2 · Written before 339.

proposed

I suppose that the reason why it is foretold that the Lord would come to Egypt is this: The Egyptians are said to have been the first to practice the errors of polytheism.… And Holy Scripture witnesses that they were the enemies of God's people from the very beginning, for it is written that their ancient king confessed that he did not know the Lord, when he said, "I do not know the Lord, and I will not let Israel go." So, then, it is because Scripture wishes to show the great marvel of the divine power of Christ that it foretells his going to Egypt, in predicting that the Egyptians will undergo an extraordinary conversion, when it goes on to say, "And the Egyptians shall know the Lord, who before knew him not, and shall pray to the Lord," and so on.… Here it is predicted of Egypt and its people that they will not acknowledge idols any more but will acknowledge the Lord revealed by the Jewish prophets. Now if we cannot see this actually fulfilled before our eyes, we must not say that the Lord's coming to Egypt has taken place. But if beyond all need of argument the truth is shown by facts and reveals clearly to the most unobservant the Egyptians rescued from hereditary superstition, and followers of the God of the prophets who foretold that this would take place, serving him only and greeting every form of death for their duty to him, to what else can we attribute it but to the Lord coming to Egypt, as the prophecy before us predicted?
26 more voices on this verse

The Church Fathers14 voices

A commentator

Chromatius of Aquileia

TRACTATE ON MATTHEW 6:1 · Written before 406.

proposed

But Isaiah announced the Lord's future trip to Egypt some time ago when he said, "Behold, the Lord will be seated upon a light cloud and will come to Egypt." By this saying, the mystery of the Lord's incarnation is clearly shown. For because the …

A commentator

Chromatius of Aquileia

TRACTATE ON MATTHEW 54A.3 · Written before 406.

proposed

To make himself visible, the "sun of justice" assumed a human body like a cloud, according to which it was said, "Behold, the Lord will come upon a light cloud." What is the cloud upon which the Lord, the sun of justice, was predicted to …

A commentator

Tertullian

AN ANSWER TO THE JEWS 9 · Written before 220.

proposed

Egypt is sometimes understood to mean the whole world in [Isaiah], because of superstition and malediction.

A commentator

Theodoret of Cyrus

LETTER 151 · Written before 458.

proposed

Therefore all the human qualities of the Lord Christ, hunger, I mean, and thirst and weariness, sleep, fear, sweat, prayer, and ignorance, and the like, we affirm to belong to our nature which God the Word assumed and united to himself in effecting our salvation. …

A commentator

Jerome

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 420.

proposed

I have diligently examined many of the prophecies of Egypt, which Isaiah raised up or saw, in a historical explanation. Therefore, now according to tropology, the most important things are to be taken. The Lord ascends upon a light cloud, the body of the holy Virgin Mary, which is not burdened by the weight of any human seed: or certainly His own body, which was conceived of the Holy Spirit. And he entered into Egypt of this world; and immediately all the Egyptian idols were moved, so that the divinations and all the fraud of idolatry, which possessed and deceived the whole world, felt that it had been broken: to such an extent that the wise men from the East, who were taught by demons, or according to the prophecy of Balaam (Num. XXIV), understanding that the Son of God had been born, who would destroy all the power of their art, came to Bethlehem and, with the star guiding them, adored the child (Matt. II). Then the heart of Egypt trembled.

A commentator

Jerome

HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 24 (PSALM 96) · Written before 420.

proposed

Appreciate what that means: The Lord comes, the Lord and Savior, into the Egypt in which we live; the Lord comes into the land of darkness where Pharaoh is. But he does not come save riding on a swift cloud. Now what is this swift cloud? I think it is holy Mary with child of no human seed. This swift cloud has come into the world and brought with it the Creator of the world. What does Isaiah say? "The Lord will enter into Egypt upon a swift cloud; and the idols of Egypt shall be shattered." The Lord has come, and the false gods of Egypt tremble violently, crash together and are destroyed.

A commentator

Jerome

HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 24 (PSALM 96) · Written before 420.

proposed

"The Lord is riding on a swift cloud on his way to Egypt." Appreciate what that means: the Lord comes, the Lord and Savior, into the Egypt in which we live; the Lord comes into the land of darkness where Pharaoh is. But he does not come save riding on a swift cloud. Now what is this swift cloud? I think it is holy Mary with child of no human seed. This swift cloud has come into the world and brought with it the Creator of the world. What does Isaiah say? "The Lord will enter into Egypt upon a swift cloud; and the idols of Egypt shall be shattered." The Lord has come, and the false gods of Egypt tremble violently, crash together and are destroyed. This is the cloud that in Alexandria destroyed Sarapis; no general did it, no mortal man, but this cloud that came into Alexandria.

A commentator

Jerome

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 420.

proposed

(Chapter 19, Verse 1) The Burden of Egypt. Behold, the Lord will ascend upon a light cloud, and will enter into Egypt, and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst thereof. It is the custom of the Scriptures to connect the clear with the obscure, and to openly declare with a clear voice what was previously expressed in enigmas. Therefore, in the present passage, because He had pronounced woes against Egypt before, saying, 'Woe to the land overshadowed with wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia,' and other things which the prophetic discourse has woven together, He now makes the understanding more clear, and threatening Egypt itself, He speaks, not that the Angels, but the Lord Himself, shall come upon a light cloud, that is, a swift one, and shall enter into Egypt, and make the idols of Egypt tremble, and cause the heart of the mighty to melt, and fulfill the prophecy of Ezekiel (or Jeremiah): 'I will destroy the idols, and I will cause the idols of Memphis to cease' (Ezekiel 30:13). Some refer this whole prophecy to the time of the Savior, when he entered upon a light cloud, that is, a human body, which he had assumed from the Virgin, not burdened with any mingling of human seed: or because he was carried on a light cloud, that is, a Virginal body, and at his entrance all the demons trembled, and then the first downfall of idols occurred, unable to bear the presence of the Lord.

A commentator

Jerome

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 420.

proposed

(Chapter 19, Verse 1) The Burden of Egypt. Symmachus and Theodotion: The Assumption of Egypt. Septuagint: The Vision of Egypt. Where in Hebrew it is written Massa Mesraim (), which we have interpreted as the Burden or Weight of Egypt: for which Aquila translated ἄρμα Αἰγύπτου, we can say that because the prophet carries and bears the yoke of the Lord, it is fitting for him to carry the burden of Egypt and see or bear the prophecy of Egypt. Hence, I wonder that the Septuagint translated it as Vision in Babylon; and as Word in Philistia, Moab, and Damascus; and now as Version in Egypt; when in Hebrew it is not Word and Vision in all these cases, but Massa (), that is, Burden, weight, that is placed. But what Symmachus and Theodotion have always translated as λῆμμα, that is, assumption, we must understand that the prophet received spiritual grace from the Lord to know the sacraments of Egypt, or to see with the eyes of the mind, as the Septuagint translated. However, this Egypt is not the same as the one the Jews think, as Josephus believed, who relates in the book of Antiquities: that Onias the priest fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah by building a temple in the region of Heliopolis, which the Egyptians call νομὸν, according to the likeness of the Temple of God, and an altar. For let us grant that these things were said about Onias, and about the altar that he built in Egypt, which will be five cities that speak the Canaanite language in Egypt, of which one is called ἀσεδὲκ according to the LXX; according to other interpreters, the city is called Ars or Ares, or city of the sun? And who will be this savior who was sent to the Egyptians to save them, and so that the Egyptians may know the Lord? When they worshiped him with sacrifices and gifts, and fulfilled their vows? When did the Lord strike Egypt and heal it? […]

A commentator

John Chrysostom

Homily 56 on the Gospel of Matthew · Written before 407.

proposed

What then? He Himself speaks nothing, nor Moses, nor Elias, but He that is greater than all, and more worthy of belief, the Father, uttereth a voice out of the cloud. Wherefore out of the cloud? Thus doth God ever appear. "For a cloud and darkness are round about Him;" and, "He sitteth on a light cloud;" and again, "Who maketh clouds His chariot;" and, "A cloud received Him out of their sight;" and, "As the Son of Man coming in the clouds." In order then that they might believe that the voice proceeds from God, it comes from thence. And the cloud was bright.

A commentator

John Chrysostom

Homily 2 on the Acts of the Apostles · Written before 407.

proposed

That it was Jesus himself [at the ascension] they knew from the fact that he had been conversing with them (for had they seen only from a distance, they could not have recognized him by sight), but that he is taken up into heaven the angels themselves inform them. Observe how it is ordered, that not all is done by the Spirit, but the eyes also do their part. But why did "a cloud receive him"? This too was a sure sign that he went up to heaven. Not fire, as in the case of Elijah, nor fiery chariot, but "a cloud received him"; which was a symbol of heaven, as the prophet says, "Who makes the clouds his chariot"; it is of the Father himself that this is said. Therefore he says, "on a cloud"; in the symbol, he would say, of the divine power, for no other power is seen to appear on a cloud. For hear again what another prophet says: "The Lord sits upon a light cloud."

A commentator

Jerome

HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 11 (PSALM 77) · Written before 420.

proposed

Behold, the Lord has entered the Egypt of this world on a soft cloud, the Virgin. "He led them with a cloud by day." Beautifully said, by day, for the cloud was never in darkness but always in light. "And all night with a glow of fire." "For you darkness itself is not dark, and night shines as the day." "And all night with a glow of fire." "The Lord our God is a consuming fire." A consuming fire. The psalmist did not say what the fire is consuming; he left that to our intelligence.

A commentator

Jerome

HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 11 (PSALM 77) · Written before 420.

proposed

We must think of that swift cloud as befitting either the body of the Savior, because his body was light, not weighted down by any sin; or certainly holy Mary, who was heavy with child by no human seed. Behold the Lord has entered the Egypt of this world on a swift cloud, the Virgin.

A commentator

Ambrose of Milan

Exposition on Psalm 118, 19.6 · Written before 397.

proposed

Hear, for the flesh of the Lord was a shadow: Behold, the Lord sits upon a light cloud, and will come to Egypt. And David says: Protect me under the shadow of your wings. Therefore, he became a shadow emptied for us, whom the sun of iniquity had burned. We saw him in the shadow when faith first advanced. But now he illuminates the whole world: and yet we still see him through the shadow of his body, which is the Church, not yet face to face; for the eyes of the body are unable to receive the brightness of divinity. This shadow also protects the entire world every day. Therefore, the conclusion is beneficial; For God has concluded all in unbelief, that he may have mercy upon all.

The Medieval Church6 voices

A commentator

Thomas Aquinas

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 1274.

proposed

The burden of Egypt. In this part, he threatens the destruction of the Egyptians, describing the manner and the order. And this is divided into three parts: in the first, the preparation of the punishment is described; in the second, the destruction itself: and I …

A commentator

Bede

Homilies on the Gospels 2:15 · Written before 735.

proposed

The psalmist spoke of this solemnity [when he said], "God has ascended with a shout of jubilation, and the Lord with the sound of the trumpet." He ascended with a shout of jubilation, since he sought heaven as the disciples rejoiced in the glory of …

A commentator

Bede

Commentary on the Song of Songs 3:4.15 · Written before 735.

proposed

Such brief downpours are rightly compared with the shallow, inflated boasting of secular teaching which often seems to pour forth an endless, deep river of eloquence and broad learning but soon dries up entirely, as though it had never existed at all, where the sun …

A commentator

Bede

On the Gospel of Luke 1:1.35 · Written before 735.

proposed

The blessed Virgin, being purely human, was unable to receive bodily all the plenitude of divinity. But the power of the Most High overshadowed her, that is, her body received the incorporeal light of divinity. The prophet comments on this beautifully: "Behold, the Lord will …

A commentator

Bede

On the Gospel of Luke 4:12.51 · Written before 735.

proposed

But if the entire world is divided against itself with respect to faith in Christ, each home contains both infidels and believers. A good war is waged, therefore, to disrupt an evil peace. Isaiah also announced prophetically under the figure of Egypt: "Behold, the Lord …

A commentator

Bonaventure

Collations on the Hexaemeron, Collation 9 · Written in the 13th century.

proposed

Isaiah had said: The Lord is riding on a swift cloud on His way to Egypt; the idols of Egypt tremble before Him. This came about in Christ. Never was any prophet or philosopher found who could do away with idolatry: yet that is what …

The Puritans and the Awakening3 voices

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

proposed

When the Lord brought Israel out of Egypt he executed judgments upon the gods of the Egyptians ( Num. xxxiii. 4 ); no marvel then if, when he comes, they begin to tremble. The Egyptians shall seek to the idols, when they are at their wits' end, and consult the charmers and wizards (

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

proposed

That at length God's holy religion should be brought into Egypt, and set up there, in part by the Jews that should flee thither for refuge, but more fully by the preachers of the gospel of Christ, through whose ministry churches should be planted in Egypt in the says of the Messiah (

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens

A commentator

John Wesley

1703–1791

Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)

proposed

Rideth - As a general in the head of his army. A swift cloud - This phrase shews that the judgment should come speedily, unexpectedly, and unavoidably.

The Nineteenth Century3 voices

The burden of Egypt - This is the title to the prophecy. For the meaning of the word “burden,” see the note at Isa 13:1. The word ‘Egypt’ in the original is מצרים mı̂tserayı̂m; and it was so called after Mizraim the second son of Ham, and grandson of Noah. Sometimes it is called Mazor 2Ki 19:24; Isa 19:6; Isa 37:25; Mic 7:12; where, however, our English version has rendered the word by “besieged place or fortress.” The ancient name of the country among the inhabitants themselves was “Chimi or Chami” (Χημυ Chēmu).

A commentator

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown

1802–1910

Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)

proposed

"Egypt," in Hebrew, Misraim, plural form, to express the two regions of Egypt. BUNSEN observes, The title of their kings runs thus: "Lord of Upper and Lower Egypt." idols--the bull, crocodile, &c. The idols poetically are said to be "moved" with fear at the presence of one mightier than even they were supposed to be (Ex 12:12;

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens

A commentator

Adam Clarke

1762–1832

Commentary on the Bible · Written before 1832.

proposed

The burden of Egypt - That is, the prophet’s declaration concerning Egypt.

How the passage was read

What the Jewish commentators add

is riding on a light cloud quickly to send easily and quickly the decree of His word to punish Egypt.
Rashi: France, 1040–1105 · Rashi on Isaiah 19:1:1, via Sefaria, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg
1 more on this passage, in their own words ▾
The Burden Of The Cup Of Cursing To Make The Egyptians To Drink. Behold, the Lord is revealed in the cloud of His glory, to take vengeance of the Egyptians; and the idols of the Egyptians shall be broken before His face, and the heart of the Egyptians shall be melted within them.
Targum · Targum Jonathan on Isaiah 19:1, via Sefaria, London "Chaldee Paraphrase," 1871

This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.

Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 3 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.

The words behind it

18 Hebrew words

Every Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.

  • מַשָּׂ֖א[the] oracle of

    masa'H4853 →66 times

  • מִצְרָ֑יִםEgypt

    mitzrayimH4714 →641 times

  • הִנֵּ֨הthere!

    hinehH2009 →843 times

  • יְהוָ֜הYahweh

    yahwehH3068 →6520 times

  • רֹכֵ֨ב[is] riding

    rokhevH7392 →78 times

  • עַל־on

    ʾal-H5921 →5755 times

  • עָ֥בa cloud

    ʾavH5645 →31 times

  • קַל֙swift

    kalH7031 →13 times

  • וּבָ֣אand [is] coming

    uva'H935 →2568 times

  • מִצְרַ֔יִםEgypt

    mitzrayimH4714 →641 times

  • וְנָע֞וּand they will tremble

    venauH5128 →40 times

  • אֱלִילֵ֤י[the] idols of

    ʾelileiH457 →20 times

  • מִצְרַ֙יִם֙Egypt

    mitzrayimH4714 →641 times

  • מִפָּנָ֔יוfrom before him

    mipanavH6440 →2123 times

  • וּלְבַ֥בand [the] heart of

    ulevavH3824 →252 times

  • מִצְרַ֖יִםEgypt

    mitzrayimH4714 →641 times

  • יִמַּ֥סit will melt

    yimasH4549 →21 times

  • בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃<in> within it

    bekirboH7130 →227 times

A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.

The walk

8 stops

Each card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.

  • Through

    Revelation 1:7

    Behold, He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see Him—even those who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. So shall it be! Amen.

    it leads to

    • Matthew 24:30

      At that time the sign of the Son of Man will appear in heaven, and all the tribes of the earth will mourn. They will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds…

    • Zechariah 12:10

      Then I will pour out on the house of David and on the people of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and prayer, and they will look on Me, the One they have pierced. They…

    • Daniel 7:13

      In my vision in the night I continued to watch, and I saw One like the Son of Man coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led…

    • Mark 14:62

      “I am,” said Jesus, “and you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power and coming with the clouds of heaven.”

    • John 19:37

      And, as another Scripture says: “They will look on the One they have pierced.”

  • Through

    Exodus 12:12

    On that night I will pass through the land of Egypt and strike down every firstborn male, both man and beast, and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt. I am…

    it leads to

    • Numbers 33:4

      who were burying all their firstborn, whom the LORD had struck down among them; for the LORD had executed judgment against their gods.

    • Psalms 82:6

      I have said, ‘You are gods; you are all sons of the Most High.’

  • Through

    Joshua 2:11

    When we heard this, our hearts melted and everyone’s courage failed because of you, for the LORD your God is God in the heavens above and on the earth below.

    it leads to

    • Deuteronomy 4:39

      Know therefore this day and take to heart that the LORD is God in heaven above and on the earth below; there is no other.

Where this verse is studied

On this page

About Isaiah

This page draws on 28 works. Open the list of works

This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the Book of Isaiah; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Ambrose of Milan, Exposition on Psalm 118, 19.6; Augustine of Hippo, City of God 8.23; Bede, Homilies on the Gospels 2:15; Bede, Commentary on the Song of Songs 3:4.15; Bede, On the Gospel of Luke 1:1.35; Bede, On the Gospel of Luke 4:12.51; Bonaventure, Collations on the Hexaemeron, Collation 9; Chromatius of Aquileia, TRACTATE ON MATTHEW 6:1; Chromatius of Aquileia, TRACTATE ON MATTHEW 54A.3; Eusebius of Caesarea, PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 6:20; Eusebius of Caesarea, PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 8:5; Eusebius of Caesarea, PROOF OF THE GOSPEL 9:2; Hippolytus of Rome, Hippolytus Exegetical Fragments; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah; Jerome, HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 24 (PSALM 96); Jerome, HOMILIES ON THE PSALMS 11 (PSALM 77); John Chrysostom, Homily 56 on the Gospel of Matthew; John Chrysostom, Homily 2 on the Acts of the Apostles; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible; Tertullian, AN ANSWER TO THE JEWS 9; Theodoret of Cyrus, LETTER 151 and Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Isaiah.