Ecclesiastes 3:21
in Ecclesiastes 3Who knows if the spirit of man rises upward and the spirit of the animal descends into the earth?
BSB
The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾
ASV
Who knoweth the spirit of man, whether it goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast, whether it goeth downward to the earth?
KJV
Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward to the earth?
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This verse in Ecclesiastes 3
Commentary
12 notes on this verse"Who perceives that the spirit of man is the one that ascends on high while the spirit of the beast is the one that descends down into the earth?" But this seems to be blasphemy: for who knows if the spirit of the sons of man ascends upwards, or if the spirit of beasts goes downwards into the earth? He does not contend that there is no difference between animals and men in reference to the dignity of the soul, but in adding "who?" he wants to show the difficulty of the matter.
This site's exposition
All go to one place
on Ecclesiastes 3:20-22
All go to one place; all come from dust, and all return to dust states what the eye sees at any grave. The Teacher then asks Who knows if the spirit of man rises upward and the spirit of the animal descends into the earth.
This site's exposition
Who knows if the spirit
Jamieson, Fausset and Brown read the question as how few perceive the difference between man and beast, and point to 12:7 where the spirit goes. Henry holds that the spirit of man ascends to the Father of spirits. Wesley adds that good men know it.
The record, by era
The Church Fathers2 voices
"Then I said to myself concerning men: God has chosen them out, but only to see that they themselves are as beasts. For the fate of men and the fate of beast - they have one and the same fate: as one dies so the other dies, and they all have the same spirit. Man has no superiority over beast, for all is futile. All go to the same place; all originate from dust and return to dust.
A commentator
Olympiodorus of AlexandriaCOMMENTARY ON ECCLESIASTES 3:21 · Written before 600.
proposed
Ecclesiastes, instructing us through enigmas, guides us to the other life.
The Medieval Church1 voice
A commentator
BonaventureCommentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 3 · Written in the 13th century.
proposed
But only in these things is the likeness apparent, but the difference in the soul does not appear. Who knows whether the spirit of the children of Adam ascends upward? to heaven, namely to recompense, or downward through corruption: just as conversely, whether the spirit …
The Puritans and the Awakening2 voices
It is certain that the spirit of the sons of men at death is ascending; it goes upwards to the Father of spirits, who made it, to the world of spirits to which it is allied; it dies not with the body, but is redeemed from the power of the grave, Ps. xlix.
And therefore he concludes that it is our wisdom to make use of what power we have for our own comfort, and not to oppress others with it. Mutability of Human Affairs. 1 To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: 2 A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted;
quarantine:scripture (2026-07-29) — verbatim-run:40w-of-72
4 more voices on this verse
The Puritans and the Awakening2 voices
Who knoweth? - True it is, there is a difference, which is known by good men; but the generality of mankind never mind it: their hearts are wholly set on present and sensible things, and take no thought for the things of the future and invisible world.
Who knoweth the spirit of man that goeth upward?....
The Nineteenth Century2 voices
A commentator
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown1802–1910
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)
Who knoweth--Not doubt of the destination of man's spirit (Ec 12:7); but "how few, by reason of the outward mortality to which man is as liable as the beast and which is the ground of the skeptic's argument, comprehend the wide difference between man and the beast" (Isa 53:1).
Who knoweth the spirit of man - I think the meaning of this important verse is well taken by the above able writer: - The nobler part of man, ‘tis true, survives The frail corporeal frame: but who regards The difference? Those who live like beasts, as such Would die, and be no more, if their own fate Depended on themselves.
The words behind it
14 Hebrew wordsEvery Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.
| Hebrew | Sound | Meaning | Word study | In the Bible |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| מִ֣י | mi | who? | H4310 → | 423 times |
| יוֹדֵ֗עַ | yodea' | [is] knowing | H3045 → | 945 times |
| ר֚וּחַ | ruach | [the] spirit of | H7307 → | 378 times |
| בְּנֵ֣י | benei | [the] children of | H1121 → | 4930 times |
| הָאָדָ֔ם | haadam | <the> humankind | H120 → | 551 times |
| הָעֹלָ֥ה | haolah | that is going up | H5927 → | |
| הִ֖יא | hi' | it | H1931 → | 1879 times |
| לְמָ֑עְלָה | lemaelah | <to> upwards <towards> | H4605 → | |
| וְר֙וּחַ֙ | veruach | and [the] spirit of | H7307 → | 378 times |
| הַבְּהֵמָ֔ה | habehemah | the animal[s] | H929 → | 190 times |
| הַיֹּרֶ֥דֶת | haiyoredet | that is going down | H3381 → | |
| הִ֖יא | hi' | it | H1931 → | 1879 times |
| לְמַ֥טָּה | lematah | <to> downwards | H4295 → | |
| לָאָֽרֶץ׃ | laaretz | to the earth | H776 → | 2504 times |
מִ֣יwho?
miH4310 →423 times
יוֹדֵ֗עַ[is] knowing
yodea'H3045 →945 times
ר֚וּחַ[the] spirit of
ruachH7307 →378 times
בְּנֵ֣י[the] children of
beneiH1121 →4930 times
הָאָדָ֔ם<the> humankind
haadamH120 →551 times
הָעֹלָ֥הthat is going up
haolahH5927 →
הִ֖יאit
hi'H1931 →1879 times
לְמָ֑עְלָה<to> upwards <towards>
lemaelahH4605 →
וְר֙וּחַ֙and [the] spirit of
veruachH7307 →378 times
הַבְּהֵמָ֔הthe animal[s]
habehemahH929 →190 times
הַיֹּרֶ֥דֶתthat is going down
haiyoredetH3381 →
הִ֖יאit
hi'H1931 →1879 times
לְמַ֥טָּה<to> downwards
lematahH4295 →
לָאָֽרֶץ׃to the earth
laaretzH776 →2504 times
A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.
The walk
8 stopsEach card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.
Through
John 14:3And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and welcome you into My presence, so that you also may be where I am.
it leads to
- 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17
For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a loud command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the trumpet of God, and the dead in Christ will be the first to…
- John 12:26
If anyone serves Me, he must follow Me; and where I am, My servant will be as well. If anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him.
- 2 Timothy 2:12
if we endure, we will also reign with Him; if we deny Him, He will also deny us;
- Acts 1:11
“Men of Galilee,” they said, “why do you stand here looking into the sky? This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have…
- 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17
Through
2 Corinthians 5:1Now we know that if the earthly tent we live in is dismantled, we have a building from God, an eternal house in heaven, not built by human hands.
it leads to
- Job 19:25–26
But I know that my Redeemer lives, and in the end He will stand upon the earth.
- 1 John 3:2
Beloved, we are now children of God, and what we will be has not yet been revealed. We know that when Christ appears, we will be like Him, for we will see Him as…
- Job 19:25–26
Through
Philippians 1:23I am torn between the two. I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is far better indeed.
it leads to
- 2 Corinthians 5:8
We are confident, then, and would prefer to be away from the body and at home with the Lord.
- 2 Corinthians 5:8
Through
Ecclesiastes 12:7before the dust returns to the ground from which it came and the spirit returns to God who gave it.
it leads to
- Daniel 12:2
And many who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, but others to shame and everlasting contempt.
- Daniel 12:2
Where this verse is studied
About Ecclesiastes

This page draws on 9 works. Open the list of works
This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Bonaventure, Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 3; Charles Bridges, An Exposition of the Book of Ecclesiastes; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; Jerome, Commentary on Ecclesiastes; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Olympiodorus of Alexandria, COMMENTARY ON ECCLESIASTES 3:21.
