Skip to content
mannafest.faith

Daniel 10:13

in Daniel 10

However, the prince of the kingdom of Persia opposed me for twenty-one days. Then Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, for I had been left there with the kings of Persia.

BSB

The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾

ASV

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days; but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me: and I remained there with the kings of Persia.

KJV

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia.

This verse in Daniel 10

Commentary

20 notes on this verse

A commentator

Jerome

St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, CHAPTER TEN · Written before 420.

Verse 13. "But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me for twenty-one days." In my opinion this was the angel to whose charge Persia was committed, in accordance with what we read in Deuteronomy: "When the Most High divided the nations and distributed the children of Adam abroad, then He established the bounds of the nations according to the number of the angels of God" (Deuteronomy 32:8). These are the princes of whom Paul also says: "We speak forth among the perfect a wisdom which none of the princes of this world knew.

This site's exposition

an hand touched me

on Daniel 10:10-14

The delay is explained: “the prince of the kingdom of Persia opposed me for twenty-one days” until Michael came to help. Keil and Barnes name these princes as the text does; Michael Heiser reads them as a heavenly host set over the nations.

This site's exposition

the kingdom of Persia opposed me

Readers divide over this prince. Jerome took him as the angel given charge of Persia under Deuteronomy 32:8, and John Cassian as a hostile power befriending Persia against God's people. Adam Clarke held he was Cyrus himself, and John Wesley saw the counsels of Cambyses.

The record, by era

The Church Fathers5 voices

A commentator

Origen of Alexandria

ON FIRST PRINCIPLES 3:3.2 · Written before 253.

proposed

Accordingly we find in the holy Scriptures that there are rulers over individual nations, as for instance, we read in Daniel of a certain "prince of the kingdom of the Persians" and another "prince of the kingdom of the Greeks," who, as is clearly shown by the sense of the passage itself, are not humans but powers.

A commentator

Theodoret of Cyrus

COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 10:13-14 · Written before 458.

proposed

He does not simply say "prince of the Persians" but "prince of the kingdom of the Persians." He means to say "the one entrusted to rule over the very king of the Persians."

A commentator

Theodoret of Cyrus

COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 10:13 · Written before 458.

proposed

MOSES TEACHES US THESE THINGS MORE DISTINCTLY: "For when the Most High allotted the nations, as he scattered the sons of Adam, he appointed the boundaries of the nations according to the numbers of the angels." And in the holy Gospels our Lord says to …

A commentator

Theodoret of Cyrus

COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 10:13 · Written before 458.

proposed

This means "I spent all these days persuading him how the Israelites were justifiably worthy of this attention. And Michael, one of the chief princes, joined in advocating with me."

A commentator

Cosmas Indicopleustes

The Christian Topography, Book 2 · Written before 550.

proposed

And the prince of the Kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days, but lo! Michael one of the chief princes came to help me, and I left him there with the King of the Persians. Now I am come to make thee understand …
12 more voices on this verse

The Church Fathers2 voices

A commentator

John Cassian

CONFERENCE 8:13 · Written before 435.

proposed

We cannot possibly doubt that this prince of the kingdom of the Persians was a hostile power that befriended the nation of the Persians as an enemy of God's people. For in order to hinder the good which he saw would result from the archangel's solution to the question for which the prophet prayed to the Lord, in his jealousy he strove to prevent the saving comfort of the angel from reaching Daniel too speedily and strengthening the people of God, over which the archangel Gabriel was set.

A commentator

Hippolytus of Rome

Commentary on Daniel 4.40.4-5 · Written before 235.

proposed

But who is Michael, but the angel who is granted to the people, as he says to Moses, "I will not go with you on the way because the people are stiff necked, but my angel will go with you"? [Exodus 33:3] This one stood against Moses in the encampment when he carried the uncircumcised boy [Exodus 4:24-25] to Egypt. For it was not possible for Moses to be the elder and mediator of the law, who also announced the covenant of the fathers, and also to lead the uncircumcised boy, so that he may not be considered by the people as a false prophet and a deceiver.

The Puritans and the Awakening5 voices

A commentator

John Wesley

1703–1791

Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)

Withstood me - God suffered the wicked counsels of Cambyses to take place awhile; but Daniel by his prayers, and the angel by his power, overcame him at last: and this very thing laid a foundation of the ruin of the Persian monarchies. Michael - Michael here is commonly supposed to mean Christ.

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

Some understand it of a created angel, but an archangel of the highest order, 1 Thess. iv. Others think that Michael the archangel is no other than Christ himself, the angel of the covenant, and the Lord of the angels, he whom Daniel saw in vision,

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

proposed

9 Yet heard I the voice of his words: and when I heard the voice of his words, then was I in a deep sleep on my face, and my face toward the ground. This vision is dated in the third year of Cyrus, that is, of his reign after the conquest of Babylon, his third year since Daniel became acquainted with him and a subject to him. A general idea of this prophecy (

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days,....

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

proposed

And, though much was done against them by the kings of Persia (God permitting it), it is probably that much more mischief would have been done them, and they would have been quite ruined (witness Haman's plot) if God had not prevented it by the ministration of angels.

The Nineteenth Century3 voices

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia - In explaining this very difficult verse it may be proper (1) to consider the literal sense of the words; (2) to deduce the fair meaning of the passage as thus explained; and (3) to notice the practical truths taught. The word rendered “prince” - שׂר s'ar - means, properly, a leader, commander, chief, as of troops, Gen 21:22; of a king’s body-guard, Gen 37:36; of cup-bearers, Gen 41:9; of a prison, Gen 39:21-22; of a flock, Gen 47:

A commentator

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown

1802–1910

Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)

proposed

Michael--that is, "Who is like God?" Though an archangel, "one of the chief princes," Michael was not to be compared to God. help me--Michael, as patron of Israel before God (Da 10:21;

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens

A commentator

Adam Clarke

1762–1832

Commentary on the Bible · Written before 1832.

proposed

But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me - I think it would go far to make a legend or a precarious tale of this important place to endeavor to maintain that either a good or evil Angel Is intended here. Cyrus alone was the prince of Persia, and God had destined him to be the deliverer of his people; but there were some matters, of which we are not informed, that caused him to hesitate for some time. Fearing, probably, the greatness of the work, and not being fully satisfied of his ability to execute it, he therefore for a time resisted the secret inspirations which God had sent him. The opposition might be in reference to the building of the temple. But lo, Michael - Gabriel, who speaks, did not leave Cyrus till Michael came to take his place. Michael, he who is like God, sometimes appears to signify the Messiah, at other times the highest or chief archangel. Indeed there is no archangel mentioned in the whole Scripture but this one. See Jud 1:9; Rev 12:7.

Modern Voices2 voices

In Daniel 10 we see Daniel's prayers fueling a heavenly battle in which Gabriel is sent with a prophetic message but is delayed until Michael, the archangel, comes and fights this Persian principality.
As unusual as it sounds, the angel sent to answer Daniel’s prayers had been delayed for 21 days by the demonic resistance in the spiritual realm.

How the passage was read

What the Jewish commentators add

has been standing against me to battle with me in heaven by requesting an extension for the kingdom for Persia to enable them to subjugate you (Israel). Behold twenty-one days that he has been standing against me.
Rashi: France, 1040–1105 · Rashi on Daniel 10:13:1, via Sefaria, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg
2 more on this passage, in their own words ▾
and I have come because of your words I have come on this mission because of your words. Our Rabbis, however, explained in Tractate Yoma (77a): “and I came within the curtain because of you, for I was banned from its midst.”
Rashi: France, 1040–1105 · Rashi on Daniel 10:12:1, via Sefaria, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg
for there is yet a vision to tell you what has not yet been told, and it will come in many days at an appointed time.
Rashi: France, 1040–1105 · Rashi on Daniel 10:14:1, via Sefaria, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg

This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.

Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 2 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.

The words behind it

21 Hebrew words

Every Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.

  • וְשַׂ֣ר׀and [the] prince of

    vesarH8269 →421 times

  • מַלְכ֣וּת[the] kingdom of

    malkhutH4438 →91 times

  • פָּרַ֗סPersia

    parasH6539 →28 times

  • עֹמֵ֤ד[was] standing

    ʾomedH5975 →521 times

  • לְנֶגְדִּי֙to before me

    lenegdiH5048 →151 times

  • עֶשְׂרִ֣יםtwenty

    ʾesrimH6242 →

  • וְאֶחָ֣דand one

    veechadH259 →971 times

  • י֔וֹםday[s]

    yomH3117 →2304 times

  • וְהִנֵּ֣הand there!

    vehinehH2009 →843 times

  • מִֽיכָאֵ֗לMichael

    mikhaelH4317 →13 times

  • אַחַ֛דone of

    ʾachadH259 →971 times

  • הַשָּׂרִ֥יםthe princes

    hasarimH8269 →421 times

  • הָרִאשֹׁנִ֖ים<the> chief

    harishonimH7223 →182 times

  • בָּ֣אhe came

    ba'H935 →2568 times

  • לְעָזְרֵ֑נִיto help me

    leazereniH5826 →81 times

  • וַאֲנִי֙and I

    vaaniH589 →874 times

  • נוֹתַ֣רְתִּיI remained behind

    notartiH3498 →

  • שָׁ֔םthere

    shamH8033 →

  • אֵ֖צֶלbeside

    ʾetzelH681 →61 times

  • מַלְכֵ֥י[the] kings of

    malkheiH4428 →2525 times

  • פָרָֽס׃Persia

    farasH6539 →28 times

A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.

The walk

8 stops

Each card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.

  • Through

    Revelation 12:7

    Then a war broke out in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back.

    it leads to

    • Daniel 12:1

      “At that time Michael, the great prince who stands watch over your people, will rise up. There will be a time of distress, the likes of which will not have occurred from the beginning…

      Reached by 2 separate paths from here.

    • Jude 1:9

      But even the archangel Michael, when he disputed with the devil over the body of Moses, did not presume to bring a slanderous charge against him, but said, “The Lord rebuke you!”

  • Through

    Jude 1:9

    But even the archangel Michael, when he disputed with the devil over the body of Moses, did not presume to bring a slanderous charge against him, but said, “The Lord rebuke you!”

    it leads to

    • Zechariah 3:2

      And the LORD said to Satan: “The LORD rebukes you, Satan! Indeed, the LORD, who has chosen Jerusalem, rebukes you! Is not this man a firebrand snatched from the fire?”

    • 2 Peter 2:11

      Yet not even angels, though greater in strength and power, dare to bring such slanderous charges against them before the Lord.

    • Deuteronomy 34:6

      And He buried him in a valley in the land of Moab facing Beth-peor, and no one to this day knows the location of his grave.

  • Through

    Daniel 12:1

    “At that time Michael, the great prince who stands watch over your people, will rise up. There will be a time of distress, the likes of which will not have occurred from the beginning…

    it leads to

    • Matthew 24:21

      For at that time there will be great tribulation, unmatched from the beginning of the world until now, and never to be seen again.

    • Jeremiah 30:7

      How awful that day will be! None will be like it! It is the time of Jacob’s distress, but he will be saved out of it.

    • Mark 13:19

      For those will be days of tribulation unmatched from the beginning of God’s creation until now, and never to be seen again.

Where this verse is studied

About Daniel

Daniel among the Exiles, Gustave Doré, 1866. Public domain.
Daniel among the Exiles, Gustave Doré, 1866. Public domain.
This page draws on 18 works. Open the list of works

This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the Book of Daniel; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Book of Daniel; Cosmas Indicopleustes, The Christian Topography, Book 2; Dutch Sheets, Give Him 15 daily devotional, "The Prince of Persia" (October 12, 2023); Hippolytus of Rome, Commentary on Daniel 4.40.4-5; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; Jane Hamon, Resisting the Prince Of Persia; Jerome, St. Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, CHAPTER TEN; John Cassian, CONFERENCE 8:13; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible; Michael Heiser, The Unseen Realm; Origen of Alexandria, ON FIRST PRINCIPLES 3:3.2; Theodoret of Cyrus, COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 10:13-14 and Theodoret of Cyrus, COMMENTARY ON DANIEL 10:13.