1 Samuel 20:16
in 1 Samuel 20So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, “May the LORD hold David’s enemies accountable.”
BSB
The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾
ASV
So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, And Jehovah will require it at the hand of David’s enemies.
KJV
So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the Lord even require it at the hand of David’s enemies.
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This verse in 1 Samuel 20
Commentary
3 notes on this verseNote, True friends cannot but covet to transmit to theirs after them their mutual affections. Thy own friend, and thy father's friend, forsake not. He calls the kindness of the Lord, because it is such kindness as God shows to those he takes into covenant with himself; for he is a God to them and to their seed; they are beloved for the fathers' sakes.
This site's exposition
So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David
on 1 Samuel 20:16-17
The covenant sworn person to person at 18:3 is now made "with the house of David." Verse 17 has Jonathan make David "reaffirm his vow out of love for him," for the reason given at 18:1 and 18:3. The repeated swearing marks how many times this bond is restated.
The record, by era
The Puritans and the Awakening1 voice
So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David,.... Not with David himself only, which was now renewed, but with his family also: saying, let the Lord even require it at the hand of David's enemies; take vengeance on Jonathan, or on any of his posterity, should they break this covenant, by showing themselves enemies to David, and his crown; and, on the other hand, also on David, and his posterity, should they not show kindness to Jonathan and his seed, according to the tenor of this covenant.
How the passage was read
What the Jewish commentators add
On the verses either side of this one
Not even when Adonoy cuts off. And also, you will not remove your kindness from them even when retribution befalls my father's house, for I know that God will cut off your enemies. 9 And being that my father’s family is included among your enemies, you will not kill them.
This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.
Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 5 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.
The words behind it
10 Hebrew wordsEvery Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.
| Hebrew | Sound | Meaning | Word study | In the Bible |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| וַיִּכְרֹ֥ת | vaiyikhrot | and he made | H3772 → | 288 times |
| יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן | yehonatan | Jonathan | H3083 → | 81 times |
| עִם־ | ʾim- | with | H5973 → | 1050 times |
| בֵּ֣ית | beit | [the] house of | H1004 → | 2046 times |
| דָּוִ֑ד | david | David | H1732 → | 999 times |
| וּבִקֵּ֣שׁ | uvikesh | and he will require | H1245 → | 225 times |
| יְהוָ֔ה | yahweh | Yahweh | H3068 → | 6520 times |
| מִיַּ֖ד | miyad | from [the] hand of | H3027 → | 1618 times |
| אֹיְבֵ֥י | ʾoyevei | [the] enemies of | H341 → | 282 times |
| דָוִֽד׃ | david | David | H1732 → | 999 times |
וַיִּכְרֹ֥תand he made
vaiyikhrotH3772 →288 times
יְהוֹנָתָ֖ןJonathan
yehonatanH3083 →81 times
עִם־with
ʾim-H5973 →1050 times
בֵּ֣ית[the] house of
beitH1004 →2046 times
דָּוִ֑דDavid
davidH1732 →999 times
וּבִקֵּ֣שׁand he will require
uvikeshH1245 →225 times
יְהוָ֔הYahweh
yahwehH3068 →6520 times
מִיַּ֖דfrom [the] hand of
miyadH3027 →1618 times
אֹיְבֵ֥י[the] enemies of
ʾoyeveiH341 →282 times
דָוִֽד׃David
davidH1732 →999 times
A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.
The walk
8 stopsEach card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.
Through
Genesis 15:18On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, “To your descendants I have given this land—from the river of Egypt to the great River Euphrates—
it leads to
- Joshua 1:3–4
I have given you every place where the sole of your foot will tread, just as I promised to Moses.
- Genesis 12:7
Then the LORD appeared to Abram and said, “I will give this land to your offspring.” So Abram built an altar there to the LORD, who had appeared to him.
- Genesis 24:7
The LORD, the God of heaven, who brought me from my father’s house and my native land, who spoke to me and promised me on oath, saying, ‘To your offspring I will give this…
- Genesis 13:15
for all the land that you see, I will give to you and your offspring forever.
- Deuteronomy 11:24
Every place where the sole of your foot treads will be yours. Your territory will extend from the wilderness to Lebanon, and from the Euphrates River to the Western Sea.
- Joshua 1:3–4
Through
1 Samuel 18:3Then Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself.
it leads to
- 1 Samuel 20:42
And Jonathan said to David, “Go in peace, for the two of us have sworn in the name of the LORD, saying, ‘May the LORD be a witness between you and me, and between…
- 1 Samuel 20:8–17
Therefore deal faithfully with your servant, for you have brought me into a covenant with you before the LORD. If there is iniquity in me, then kill me yourself; why should you bring me…
- 2 Samuel 21:7
Now the king spared Mephibosheth son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, because of the oath before the LORD between David and Jonathan son of Saul.
- 1 Samuel 20:42
Where this verse is studied
On this page
Studies5
About 1 Samuel

Who and where
2 names in this verse with a page on the site.
- PersonUnited MonarchyDavidSecond king of united Israel, shepherd-turned-monarch, ancestor of the Messiah, and traditional author of many Psalms.
- PersonEarly monarchyJonathanSon of King Saul who climbed a cliff to rout a garrison on the conviction that nothing restrains Jehovah; cut a covenant of steadf…
This page draws on John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763) and Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible.
