Revelation 20:12
in Revelation 20And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne. And there were open books, and one of them was the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their deeds, as recorded in the books.
BSB
The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾
ASV
And I saw the dead, the great and the small, standing before the throne; and books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of the things which were written in the books, according to their works.
KJV
And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; and the books were opened: and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works.
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This verse in Revelation 20
Commentary
18 notes on this verseThe dead, small and great - All ranks, degrees, and conditions of men. This description seems to refer to Dan 7:9, Dan 7:10. And the books were opened - See Dan 12:1. “Rab. Jehuda said: All the actions of men, whether good or bad, are written in a book, and of all they shall give account.” - Sohar Gen., fol. 79, col.
This site's exposition
a great white throne
on Revelation 20:11-12
The great white throne clears the stage entirely, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away, and there was found no place for them, creation itself standing aside for its Judge. The dead, small and great, stand before God, and two kinds of record are opened, the books, plural, of works, and another book, which is the book of life, the register the promises of 3:5 and the warning of 13:8 have kept in view since the letters. The judged are judged out of the books according to their works, and the exposition holds the two records together as the text does: works measure the judgment, the book of life decides the destiny.
The record, by era
The Church Fathers4 voices
And I saw, he says, the dead, the great and the small, standing before the throne. He calls the righteous great, not because of bodily size, but because of the glory and brilliance of virtue, and he calls the sinners small as nothing because of …
And in the Apocalypse John saw this new [Jerusalem] descending upon the new earth. For after the times of the kingdom, he says, "I saw a great white throne, and Him who sat upon it, from whose face the earth fled away, and the heavens; and there was no more place for them." And he sets forth, too, the things connected with the general resurrection and the judgment, mentioning "the dead, great and small."
He says he saw scrolls opened, and another scroll, but he makes clear the character of the latter, "which is the book of each person's life." The first scrolls he mentions, then, must represent the holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. These will be opened to show the commandments of God, and the other scroll [will] show how these commandments were kept or disobeyed by each and every person. As for this latter scroll, if one considers it materially, it surpasses all powers of thought for size and length. And if it contains the entire life record of all people, how much time would it take to read it? Are we to suppose that there will be an equal number of angels and people present in the judgment and that each person will hear his life record read out by an angel accredited to him for this task? In this supposition, there would not be one book for all but a book for each. Yet, the Apocalypse wants us to think of one book.… No, the book in question must symbolize some divine action in virtue of which each person will recall his deeds, good or bad, and review them mentally so that, without a moment's delay, each one's conscience will be either burdened or unburdened and thus, collectively and individually, all will be judged at the same moment. And because, in virtue of this divine illumination, each person will, so to speak, read the record of his deeds, God's action is called a "book."
Who is free before God if not those who are declared to be by the power of him who judges the works of each one? God is said to have a book, which is not a physical book but a spiritual book, that is, the …
The Medieval Church1 voice
In this judgment, moreover, there will be an opening of the books, namely of consciences, by which the merits and demerits of all will become known both to themselves and to others, this being accomplished by the power of that book of life, namely the …
11 more voices on this verse
The Medieval Church6 voices
A commentator
BonaventureCollations on the Hexaemeron, Collation 12 · Written in the 13th century.
proposed
He is a judge who judges by His own power. "Scrolls were opened. And another scroll was opened, which is the book of life," and the book of the conscience. Through the power of the book of life, the soul lives and is open to …
QUESTION: And I saw a great throne, and one sitting upon it, and before him the books were opened; and another book was opened, which is the book of life. ANSWER: Another edition has "which is the book of the life of each person." So, …
And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne. For when the Son of Man sits on the throne of His majesty, then all nations will be gathered before Him.
And the books were opened, etc. Another version says: Which is the book of the life of each one. Therefore, the opened books are called the Testaments of God. For the world will be judged according to both Testaments. The book of life is the …
And the dead were judged from what was written in the books, etc. That is, they were judged according to the Testaments, based on what they did or did not do from them. The books can also be understood as the deeds of the righteous, …
By the dead he means either all persons, since they experience the death of the body, or those who have died because of [their] transgressions. The "great and small" are either those who are older or younger, or more likely those who have done the …
The Puritans and the Awakening3 voices
And another book - Wherein are enrolled all that are accepted through the Beloved; all who lived and died in the faith that worketh by love. Which is the book of life, was opened - What manner of expectation will then be, with regard to the issue of the whole!
Christ shall judge the secrets of all men according to the gospel. Happy are those who have so ordered and stated their cause according to the gospel as to know beforehand that they shall be justified in the great day of the Lord!
And I saw the dead,....
The Nineteenth Century2 voices
A commentator
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown1802–1910
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)
Therefore it is called, "the Lamb's book of life." Electing grace has singled them out from the general mass. according to their works--We are justified by faith, but judged according to (not by) our works.
A commentator
Albert Barnes1798–1870
Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869)
proposed
And I saw the dead, small and great - All the dead - for this language would express that - the whole race being composed of the “small and great.” Thus, in other language, the same idea might be expressed by saying, the young and old; the rich and poor; the bond and free; the sick and well; the happy and the unhappy; the righteous and the wicked; for all the human family might, in these respects, be considered as thus divided. The fair meaning in this place therefore is, that all the dead would be there, and of course this would preclude the idea of a “previous” resurrection of any part of the dead, as of the saints, at the beginning of the millennium. There is no intimation here that it is the wicked dead that are referred to in this description of the final judgment. It is the judgment of all the dead. Stand before God - That is, they appear thus to be judged. The word “God” here must naturally refer to the final Judge on the throne, and there can be no doubt (see Mat 25:31) that this is the Lord Jesus. Compare 2Co 5:10. None can judge the secrets of the heart; none can pronounce on the moral character of all mankind, of all countries and ages, and determine their everlasting allotment, but he who is divine. And the books were opened - That is, the books containing the record of human deeds. The representation is, that all that people have done is recorded, and that it will be exhibited on the final trial, and will constitute the basis of the last judgment. The imagery seems to be derived from the accusations made against such as are arraigned before human courts of justice. And another book was opened, which is the book of life - The book containing the record of the names of all who shall enter into life, or into heaven. See the notes on Rev 3:5. […]
The words behind it
38 Greek wordsEvery Greek word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.
| Greek | Sound | Meaning | Word study | In the Bible |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| καὶ | kai | And | G2532 → | 9120 times |
| εἶδον | eidon | I saw | G1492 → | 374 times |
| τοὺς | tous | the | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| νεκρούς, | nekrous | dead, | G3498 → | 128 times |
| τοὺς | tous | <the> | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| μεγάλους | megalous | great | G3173 → | 243 times |
| καὶ | kai | and | G2532 → | 9120 times |
| τοὺς | tous | <the> | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| μικρούς, | mikrous | small, | G3398 → | 46 times |
| ἑστῶτας | hestotas | standing | G2476 → | 153 times |
| ἐνώπιον | enopion | before | G1799 → | 94 times |
| τοῦ | tou | the | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| θρόνου, | thronou | throne, | G2362 → | 62 times |
| καὶ | kai | and | G2532 → | 9120 times |
| βιβλία | biblia | books | G975 → | 34 times |
| ἠνοίχθησαν. | enoichthesan | were opened. | G455 → | 77 times |
| καὶ | kai | And | G2532 → | 9120 times |
| ἄλλο | allo | another | G243 → | 155 times |
| βιβλίον | biblion | book | G975 → | 34 times |
| ἠνοίχθη | enoichthe | was opened | G455 → | 77 times |
| ὅ | ho | which | G3739 → | 1405 times |
| ἐστιν | estin | is | G1510 → | 2333 times |
| τῆς | tes | the [one] | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| ζωῆς. | zoes | of life. | G2222 → | 135 times |
| καὶ | kai | And | G2532 → | 9120 times |
| ἐκρίθησαν | ekrithesan | were judged | G2919 → | 114 times |
| οἱ | hoi | the | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| νεκροὶ | nekroi | dead | G3498 → | 128 times |
| ἐκ | ek | out of | G1537 → | 911 times |
| τῶν | ton | the [things] | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| γεγραμμένων | gegrammenon | written | G1125 → | 189 times |
| ἐν | en | in | G1722 → | 2738 times |
| τοῖς | tois | the | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| βιβλίοις | bibliois | books | G975 → | 34 times |
| κατὰ | kata | according to | G2596 → | 468 times |
| τὰ | ta | the | G3588 → | 19766 times |
| ἔργα | erga | deeds | G2041 → | 168 times |
| αὐτῶν. | auton | of them. | G846 → | 5565 times |
καὶAnd
kaiG2532 →9120 times
εἶδονI saw
eidonG1492 →374 times
τοὺςthe
tousG3588 →19766 times
νεκρούς,dead,
nekrousG3498 →128 times
τοὺς<the>
tousG3588 →19766 times
μεγάλουςgreat
megalousG3173 →243 times
καὶand
kaiG2532 →9120 times
τοὺς<the>
tousG3588 →19766 times
μικρούς,small,
mikrousG3398 →46 times
ἑστῶταςstanding
hestotasG2476 →153 times
ἐνώπιονbefore
enopionG1799 →94 times
τοῦthe
touG3588 →19766 times
θρόνου,throne,
thronouG2362 →62 times
καὶand
kaiG2532 →9120 times
βιβλίαbooks
bibliaG975 →34 times
ἠνοίχθησαν.were opened.
enoichthesanG455 →77 times
καὶAnd
kaiG2532 →9120 times
ἄλλοanother
alloG243 →155 times
βιβλίονbook
biblionG975 →34 times
ἠνοίχθηwas opened
enoichtheG455 →77 times
ὅwhich
hoG3739 →1405 times
ἐστινis
estinG1510 →2333 times
τῆςthe [one]
tesG3588 →19766 times
ζωῆς.of life.
zoesG2222 →135 times
καὶAnd
kaiG2532 →9120 times
ἐκρίθησανwere judged
ekrithesanG2919 →114 times
οἱthe
hoiG3588 →19766 times
νεκροὶdead
nekroiG3498 →128 times
ἐκout of
ekG1537 →911 times
τῶνthe [things]
tonG3588 →19766 times
γεγραμμένωνwritten
gegrammenonG1125 →189 times
ἐνin
enG1722 →2738 times
τοῖςthe
toisG3588 →19766 times
βιβλίοιςbooks
biblioisG975 →34 times
κατὰaccording to
kataG2596 →468 times
τὰthe
taG3588 →19766 times
ἔργαdeeds
ergaG2041 →168 times
αὐτῶν.of them.
autonG846 →5565 times
A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.
The walk
8 stopsEach card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.
Through
2 Corinthians 5:10For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may receive his due for the things done in the body, whether good or bad.
it leads to
- Matthew 16:27
For the Son of Man will come in His Father’s glory with His angels, and then He will repay each one according to what he has done.
Reached by 2 separate paths from here.
- Psalms 62:12
and loving devotion to You, O Lord. For You will repay each man according to his deeds.
Reached by 2 separate paths from here.
- Revelation 22:12
“Behold, I am coming soon, and My reward is with Me, to give to each one according to what he has done.
- Ecclesiastes 12:14
For God will bring every deed into judgment, along with every hidden thing, whether good or evil.
- Ephesians 6:8
because you know that the Lord will reward each one for whatever good he does, whether he is slave or free.
- Matthew 16:27
Through
Ecclesiastes 12:14For God will bring every deed into judgment, along with every hidden thing, whether good or evil.
it leads to
- 2 Corinthians 5:10
For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that each one may receive his due for the things done in the body, whether good or bad.
Reached by 2 separate paths from here.
- 2 Corinthians 5:10
Through
Matthew 16:27For the Son of Man will come in His Father’s glory with His angels, and then He will repay each one according to what he has done.
it leads to
- Romans 2:6
God “will repay each one according to his deeds.”
- Romans 14:12
So then, each of us will give an account of himself to God.
- Romans 2:6
Where this verse is studied
On this page
Studies18
On this verse
By subject
Judgment35 verses
About Revelation

This page draws on 16 works. Open the list of works
This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the New Testament; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Alcuin of York, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MANUAL ON REVELATION; Andreas of Caesarea, COMMENTARY ON THE APOCALYPSE 20:12; Apringius of Beja, TRACTATE ON THE APOCALYPSE 20:12; Augustine of Hippo, City of God 20.14; Bede, Commentary on Revelation; Bonaventure, Breviloquium, Part 7; Bonaventure, Collations on the Hexaemeron, Collation 12; Irenaeus, Irenaeus Against Heresies Book 5; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; John Gill, Exposition of the New Testament (1746-1748); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Oecumenius, Commentary on Revelation.
