Ezekielchapter 26
21 verses · Ezekiel · 593 to 571 BC · The Prophets
This is what the Lord GOD says to Tyre: ‘Will not the coastlands quake at the sound of your downfall, when the wounded groan at the slaughter in your midst?
Introduction
Ezekiel, The Prophets, Ezekiel Overview.
This oracle is dated to the year Jerusalem fell, and it turns to the richest city on the coast. Tyre was a trading power built on an island, and her merchants had watched Jerusalem's ruin as a chance for profit. The prophet speaks from exile to a city that believed the sea made it safe. Listen for the picture of waves rising against her one after another, and for the change from one king to many nations. At the close, listen for the rulers of the coastlands, who hear the sound of her fall and come down from their thrones to mourn.
Context
- Who
- Exiles who knew Tyre as the richest and safest city in their world
- What
- An oracle of judgment on Tyre for rejoicing at Jerusalem's fall, followed by the mourning of the coastland princes.
- Where
- Spoken at Tel Abib in Babylonia against Tyre, the Phoenician port on the Mediterranean coast north of Israel.
- When
- The eleventh year of Jehoiachin's exile, on the first day of the month, about 587 to 586 BC.
- Why
- To answer Tyre's hope of profit from Jerusalem's ruin and to show that wealth and the sea could not protect her from God.
Historical context
Tyre was two cities. On the mainland stood a settlement with farmland and water; half a mile offshore stood the real Tyre, a rock island ringed by walls said to reach a hundred and fifty feet, with two harbours, one facing north toward Sidon, one south toward Egypt. An island that could be resupplied by sea was close to unconquerable, and Tyre knew it.
Show the rest of the historical context, 3 more paragraphs
The taunt Ezekiel quotes is commercial. Aha, the gate of the peoples is broken; now that she is ruined I shall be filled. Jerusalem sat astride the inland routes and took its cut. With Jerusalem gone, Tyre expected the whole trade to come to the coast.
The judgment is described as waves: many nations against you, as the sea brings up its waves. Then the specifics, the walls thrown down, the towers broken, the dust scraped away until she is a bare rock, a place for spreading fishing nets. The chapter names Nebuchadnezzar directly, and then shifts to they and many nations, which is why the fulfilment ran in stages.
Those stages are documented. Josephus, quoting the Tyrian historian Menander of Ephesus, records that Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre for thirteen years. The mainland city fell; the island held out and settled on terms, and Ezekiel himself says frankly in a later chapter that the army got no wages for all that labour. Two and a half centuries afterwards Alexander the Great took the island in 332 BC by scraping the ruins of the mainland city into the sea to build a causeway out to it, the dust literally scraped from the rock and thrown into the water.
Significance
The exiles were watching a city that had profited from their destruction, and that looked immune. This oracle says the sea will not save it.
Show the rest of the significance, 1 more paragraph
The picture that would have stayed with them is the last one: princes of the sea stepping down from their thrones, laying aside their embroidered robes, sitting on the ground and trembling. The men who traded in everything end up with nothing to sit on but the ground.
This chapter in Jewish lifeWhat this chapter is in Jewish life and reading.
What is done
The site's own table in src/lib/hebraic/readings.ts, probed for this lane, printed no weekly portion and no Haftarah from this chapter, and no festival reading for the book. That table carries the Haftarah of each of the fifty-four weekly portions and the books read whole at the feasts, and it carries nothing for the special Sabbaths or the fast days. This card therefore names no public reading of the chapter and leaves that question to a source that holds those readings.
The corpus joins the chapter to the weeks of the Torah portions through the works arranged by portion. Under the first verse it carries Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 1:4. Under the third verse it carries Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 12:14. Under the seventeenth verse it carries Midrash Tanchuma, Bereshit 7:14. Under the nineteenth verse it carries Bereshit Rabbati, Parashat Bereshit 8.
How it is read
Rashi is the one commentator on this chapter whose English the corpus carries, quoted here from The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg, which Sefaria reports as CC-BY. Every quotation of it is held to fifty words or fewer because the translation is modern.
Rashi dates the oracle against Tyre to the eleventh year of Zedekiah (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:1:1). Tyre's cry over Jerusalem is "an expression of a shout of joy", said of a city "which was under siege" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:2:1 and 26:2:2). The judgment answers the joy. The city is uprooted, and the bare rock becomes a place where "the fishermen will spread out their fishing nets, to dry them" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:4:1 and 26:5:1). Her daughters in the field are "the villages that are subservient to her, surrounding her" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:6:1).
The siege is read as a scene of real war. Rashi explains the catapult as "one of the devices of the siege, to throw huge rocks", giving the Old French words as he goes (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:9:1). The horses raise dust "which ascends and becomes like a cloud, darkening the earth" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:10:1). The coastlands tremble "lest it befall them like your destruction" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:16:1).
Two notes weigh readings against each other. At the seventeenth verse one vocalization reads the city as "settled from days of yore". The other reads it as "settled with strength through the seas surrounding her", and Rashi closes with "and so it is" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:17:1). At the nineteenth he reports Targum Jonathan, where the deep is the companies of nations covering the city. Then he gives the apparent meaning: "first it was given into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, and ultimately, the sea came up and inundated it" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:19:1). The Pit is Gehinnom, and the last word of the chapter he reads with Jonathan as "as if you did not exist" (Rashi on Ezekiel 26:20:1 and 26:21:1).
The corpus carries eight further notes on this chapter without an English text, each of them marked linked because Sefaria holds no English version of the ref. They stand cited and unquoted at Radak on Ezekiel 26:1:1, 26:3:1, 26:7:1, 26:11:1, 26:13:1, 26:14:1 and 26:15:1 and at Metzudat David on Ezekiel 26:3:1.
What the rabbis say
The corpus carries twenty-eight rabbinic locators on this chapter and the text of none, so each is cited and linked here rather than quoted. On the first verse it holds Bamidbar Rabbah 1:1, Jerusalem Talmud Taanit 4:5:5 and Midrash Tanchuma, Tetzaveh 1:4. On the second verse it holds Ein Yaakov, Megillah 1:8, Megillah 6a:16 and Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Pischa 13:8. It also holds Midrash Aggadah, Genesis 25:23:4, Midrash Sekhel Tov, Shemot 12:33:1 and Pesachim 42b:6 there. It also holds Seder Olam Rabbah 26:1, Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 110:22 and Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 110:23 there. It also holds Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 208:4 there. On the third verse it holds Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Tractate Shirah 2:17, Midrash Tanchuma, Beshalach 12:14 and Yalkut Shimoni on Torah 243:1. On the seventeenth verse it holds Midrash Tanchuma, Bereshit 7:14.
On the nineteenth verse it holds Bereshit Rabbati, Parashat Bereshit 8. On the twentieth verse it holds Aggadat Bereshit 64:2, Avot DeRabbi Natan 34:11 and Ein Yaakov (Glick Edition), Ketubot 13:14. It also holds Ein Yaakov, Ketubbot 13:10, Ketubot 111a:16 and Otzar Midrashim, Chuppah of Eliyahu, Chuppat Eliyahu Rabbah 249 there. It also holds Otzar Midrashim, Midrashim of Rabbi Akiba, Aleph Bet of Rabbi Akiba (Version 1) 31 there. On the twenty-first verse it holds Eikhah Rabbah 2:1, Midrash Tanchuma Buber, Noach 19:1 and Midrash Tanchuma, Noach 12:6. What each of them teaches is a saying of the rabbis, and is reported as theirs wherever this site quotes one. The quotations wait on a fetch that carries the text.
Sources: Rashi, Rashi on Ezekiel 26:1:1 to 26:21:1, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg, reported CC-BY; Radak, Radak on Ezekiel 26:1:1, 26:3:1, 26:7:1, 26:11:1, 26:13:1, 26:14:1 and 26:15:1, cited by ref because the corpus carries no English text; Metzudat David, Metzudat David on Ezekiel 26:3:1, cited by ref because the corpus carries no English text; The Sefaria corpus, scripts/data/sources/sefaria/ezekiel/26.json, the 28 Talmud and Midrash locators of this chapter; The site's own files, src/lib/hebraic/readings.ts, probed for this chapter and printing no weekly portion, no Haftarah and no festival reading.
The heads below are this chapter's scenes. The numbered points under each are its verses.
Tyre rejoiced when the gate of the peoples broke
Ezekiel 26:1-2
In the eleventh month of the twelfth year: The date formula places this oracle close to the fall of Jerusalem itself. Aha, she is broken that was the gates of the people: I shall be replenished treats Judah's ruin as a business opening. Fairbairn reads the taunt as the sharpest kind of judgment against a merchant city.
Ezekiel 26:1
“The specification of the date, which had been omitted in the case of the four preceding objects of judgment, marks the greater weight attached to the fall of Tyre. eleventh year--namely, after the carrying away of Jehoiachin, the year of the fall of Jerusalem. The number of the month is, however, omitted, and the day only given.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
The gate to the nations is broken: Tyre had sent envoys to Zedekiah to plan revolt against Babylon, as Jeremiah 27:3 records. The same city now counted its ally's fall as gain. The gate is plural in Hebrew, the two leaves of a city door.
Ezekiel 26:2
“Tyrus hath said - From this it would appear that Jerusalem had been taken, which was on the fourth month of this year; but it is possible that the prophet speaks of the event beforehand. She is broken that was the gates of the people - Jerusalem, a general emporium. I shall be replenished - The merchandise that went to Jerusalem will come to me, (to Tyre.).”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:2
“Aha!--exultation over a fallen rival (Ps 35:21, 25). she . . . that was the gates--that is, the single gate composed of two folding doors. Hence the verb is singular. "Gates" were the place of resort for traffic and public business: so here it expresses a mart of commerce frequented by merchants.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Ezekiel 26:3-6
as the sea brings up its waves: The judgment is pictured as the sea Tyre lived by turned against it. Walls and towers fall, and it is made like the top of a rock, a place for the spreading of nets. Keil notes the recognition formula closing the unit, they shall know that I am the Lord.
Ezekiel 26:3
“Will cause many nations to come up against thee - We have already seen that the empire of the Chaldeans was composed of many different provinces, and that Nebuchadnezzar’s army was composed of soldiers from different nations: these may be the people meant; but I doubt whether this may not refer to the different nations which in successive ages fought against Tyre. It was at last finally destroyed in the sixteenth century of the Christian era.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
make her a bare rock: Tyre's Hebrew name, Tsor, means rock. The oracle turns the name against the city, which will be scraped down to its rock, bare and sun-bleached like a shoreline ledge. Gill notes the wordplay on its name.
Ezekiel 26:4
“And they shall destroy the walls of Tyrus.... Undermining them, or breaking them down with their battering rams: and break down her towers; with axes, Eze 26:9 built upon the walls; erected for the defence of the city, and for watchmen to stand in, to look out from them for the enemy, and observe his motions, as well as for soldiers to fight from: and I will scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock; a bare smooth rock, which has not any surface of earth upon it.”
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:4
“I will also scrape her dust from her - I will totally destroy her fortifications, and leave her nothing but a barren rock, as she was before. This cannot refer to the capture of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar. It flourished long after his time.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
a place to spread nets in the sea: The words in the sea point to the island city itself. Tyre planned to be filled from Jerusalem's ruin in verse 2, and here it becomes plunder for other nations. The reversal is exact.
Ezekiel 26:5
“It shall be a place for the spreading of nets in the midst of the sea,.... Where only fishermen would be seen washing their nets, and then spreading them upon this rock, where Tyre stood, to dry them and this has been confirmed by travellers, who have seen fishermen spreading and drying their nets, and having no other habitations on it but the huts of these men.”
the villages on her mainland: The Hebrew calls them her daughters in the field, the dependent towns on the mainland coast. Ancient cities spoke of their satellite villages as daughters. These open towns faced the army first, and verse 8 names them again.
Ezekiel 26:6
“And her daughters which are in the field shall be slain by the sword,.... That is, the inhabitants of the cities, towns, and villages, on the shore near it, and which were subject to it; as such cities are frequently in Scripture called the daughters of the place to which they belong: or their daughters literally, that should get out of the city, and endeavour to make their escape; yet should fall into the enemies' hands, who would not spare them on account of their sex or age.”
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:6
“And her daughters - The places dependent on Tyre. As there were two places called Tyre, one on the main land, and the other on a rock in the sea, opposite to that on the main land, sometimes the one seems to be spoken of, and sometimes the other. That on the land, Palaetyre, was soon taken; but that in the sea cost Nebuchadnezzar thirteen years of siege and blockade. The two formed only one city, and one state.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Nebuchadnezzar comes; a bare rock for drying nets
Ezekiel 26:7-11
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, king of kings: The instrument is named, Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, a king of kings. The verses that follow describe siege engines, warfare aimed first at Tyre's mainland suburbs and gate city rather than the fortified island. Barnes notes that Ezekiel 29:18 records Nebuchadnezzar's army coming away from this siege with no wages.
Ezekiel 26:7
“For thus saith the Lord God,.... What follows; and declares by name the person that should be the instrument of this ruin, and the manner in which it should be brought about: I will bring upon Tyrus Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon; a prince whose name was terrible, having conquered many nations: the Lord is said to bring him against Tyre, because, he inclined his heart to steer his course this way; encouraged him to this work; led and protected his army; and, at last, gave him success: it held out thirteen years against him, and then was taken.”
build a ramp to your walls: A siege ramp was an earthen slope piled against a wall so engines and troops could reach its top. The raised shields formed a roof over the men working below the walls. The island city lay beyond such works.
Ezekiel 26:8
“Thy daughters in the field - This seems to be spoken of Palaetyre, or Tyre on the main land; for forts, mounts, engines of war, horses, and chariots could not be brought to act against the other.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
blows of his battering rams: Battering rams were heavy beams, often iron tipped and hung in a wheeled frame, driven against gates and walls. Assyrian reliefs show them before Ezekiel's day. The Hebrew word rendered axes is literally swords, iron tools for prying down masonry.
Ezekiel 26:9
“And he shall set engines of war against thy walls,.... Which some Jewish writers understand of crossbows, out of which stones or arrows were cast; but rather, according to Kimchi and Jarchi, they were warlike machines, invented to throw large stones against the walls of a place, to beat them down.”
Ezekiel 26:10
His multitude of horses: The dust raised by the cavalry is thick enough to cover the city like a cloud. A breached city is one whose wall has been split open, so the army rides in through the gap. Horses in the streets mean the defence is over.
Ezekiel 26:10
“Both are included in the prophecies under one name. wheels--FAIRBAIRN thinks that here, and in Eze 23:24, as "the wheels" are distinct from the "chariots," some wheelwork for riding on, or for the operations of the siege, are meant.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
throw your stones and timber and soil into the water: The verse's last clause has drawn particular attention across the centuries. When Alexander the Great besieged Tyre in 332 BC, he built a causeway to the island using rubble from the mainland city Nebuchadnezzar had leveled. Fairbairn and Barnes both point to this later event as bearing out the passage.
Ezekiel 26:12
“And they shall lay thy stones and thy timber and thy dust in the midst of the water - This answers to the taking of Tyre by Alexander; he actually took the timbers, stones, rubbish, etc. of old Tyre, and filled up the space between it and new Tyre, and thus connected the latter with the main land; and this he was obliged to do before he could take it.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:12
“The overthrow of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar was the first link in the long chain of evil--the first deadly blow which prepared for, and was the earnest of, the final doom. The change in this verse from the individual conqueror "he," to the general "they," marks that what he did was not the whole, but only paved the way for others to complete the work begun by him.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Ezekiel 26:13-14
silence the sound of your songs: The noise of thy songs to cease and the sound of thy harps silenced marks the end of Tyre's festival culture. Made like the top of a rock and built no more closes the sentence with permanence. Henry reads the silencing of music as the sharpest picture in the chapter.
You will never be rebuilt: A city called Tyre still stands, so readers have taken the word that Tyre will never be rebuilt in two ways. Jamieson, Fausset and Brown apply it to old mainland Tyre, scraped to a bare rock for Alexander's causeway. Keil reads it of Tyre as the proud Phoenician power.
Ezekiel 26:14
“Thou shalt be built no more - If this refer to Nebuchadnezzar’s capture of the city, old Tyre must be intended: that was destroyed by him, and never rebuilt. But I doubt whether the whole of this prophecy do not refer to the taking of Tyre by Alexander, three hundred years after its capture by Nebuchadnezzar. Indeed it may include more recent conquests of this important city. It went through a variety of vicissitudes till 1289, when it and the neighboring towns were sacked and ravaged by the Mamelukes.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:14
“The insular Tyre recovered partly, after seventy years (Isa 23:17, 18), but again suffered under Alexander, then under Antigonus, then under the Saracens at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Now its harbors are choked with sand, precluding all hope of future restoration, "not one entire house is left, and only a few fishermen take shelter in the vaults" [MAUNDRELL].”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
The princes of the sea step down from their thrones
Ezekiel 26:15-18
Shall not the isles shake at the sound of thy fall pictures every trading partner absorbing the shock. The princes of the sea come down from their thrones to sit upon the ground. Gill reads the princes' mourning as evidence of how deeply Tyre's economy had bound the coastal world.
Ezekiel 26:15
“The effect of the fall of Tyre. Eze 26:16 Clothe themselves with trembling - Mourners change their bright robes for sad garments. Eze 26:17 Of seafaring men - literally, “from the seas,” i. e., occupied by men who come from the seas. Tyre was an inhabited city rising from out of the sea. Eze 26:20 Compare Isa 14:9. The image used by Isaiah and Jeremiah of Babylon is by Ezekiel applied to Tyre, as if to show that Tyre and Babylon alike represent the world-power. So, in the Book of Revelation, Babylon is the kingdom of Antichrist.”
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:15
“Even mighty Carthage used to send a yearly offering to the temple of Hercules at Tyre: and the mother city gave high priests to her colonies. Hence the consternation at her fall felt in the widely scattered dependencies with which she was so closely connected by the ties of religion, as well as commercial intercourse. shake--metaphorically: "be agitated" (Jer 49:21).”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
princes of the sea will descend: The princes of the sea ruled coastal cities bound to Tyre by trade, among them its own colonies such as Carthage and Kition on Cyprus. They exchange embroidered robes for a garment of terror. Sitting on the ground was the posture of mourners, as in Job 2:13.
The lament opens with the Hebrew cry of a funeral song, how, the same word that begins the book of Lamentations. The city that once imposed terror is now mourned by those it frightened. Its fleets ranged the whole Mediterranean.
Ezekiel 26:17
“So Venice was called "the bride of the sea." strong in the sea--through her insular position. cause their terror to be on all that haunt it--namely, the sea. The Hebrew is rather, "they put their terror upon all her (the city's) inhabitants," that is, they make the name of every Tyrian to be feared [FAIRBAIRN].”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:17
“Wast strong in the sea - The strength of Tyre was so great, that Alexander despaired of being able to reduce it unless he could fill up that arm of the sea that ran between it and the main land. And this work cost his army seven months of labor.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
the islands in the sea are dismayed: Coastlands and islands translate one Hebrew word, iyyim, used for the lands along the Mediterranean shore. Tyre's colonies and trading posts stood along those shores. Their trade hung on hers.
Ezekiel 26:18
“GROTIUS explains "departure," that is, "in the day when hostages shall be carried away from thee to Babylon." The parallelism to "thy fall" makes me think "departure" must mean "thy end" in general, but with an included allusion to the "departure" of most of her people to her colonies at the fall of the city.”
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown · Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)reformed
Taken down to the pit and sought for no more
Ezekiel 26:19-21
raise up the deep against you: The last movement pictures the city sent down into the pit among the people of old time. The closing sentence is absolute, I will make thee a terror, and thou shalt be no more. Keil reads the finality as prophetic certainty stated in its full and strongest form.
Ezekiel 26:19
“Or, she shall be in the condition of those who have been long buried, of the people of old time, who are old inhabitants of the silent grace, who are quite rotted away under ground and quite forgotten above ground; such shall Tyre be, free among the dead, set in the lower parts of the earth, humbled, mortified, reduced.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
those who descend to the Pit: The Pit, Hebrew bor, is the grave and the world of the dead, where Ezekiel sends Egypt and its allies in chapter 32. The people of antiquity are nations long dead and gone. Tyre takes its place among them.
Ezekiel 26:20
“With the people - Who are long since dead, and gone to eternity. The low parts - Another description of the grave, from the situation and solitude of it. Set glory - Then I will restore the beauty, strength, and wealth of Israel, and bring them back to Jerusalem.”
John Wesley · Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)evangelical
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:20
“That was a type of heaven, which is indeed the land of the living. (2.) Though this land of the living may for a time lie under disgrace, yet God will again set glory in it; the glory that had departed shall return, and the restoration of what they had been deprived of shall be so much more their glory.”
Matthew Henry · Commentary on the Whole Bible (1707-1721)puritan
Travelers seeking the famed market would find nothing of its glory. The phrase an object of horror and no more returns at 27:36 and 28:19. It closes each of the three oracles against Tyre.
Ezekiel 26:21
“I will make thee a terror,.... To all the isles round about, who shall shake and tremble at the ruin of Tyre, as before observed; or to herself, being brought into a most terrible and distressed condition: and thou shall be no more: in the same place and situation, in the same happy state and condition: though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith the Lord God: this is true of the antitype, Babylon, or antichrist, Rev 18:21.”
1 more voice on this verse
Ezekiel 26:21
“Yet shalt thou never be found again - This is literally true; there is not the smallest vestige of the ancient Tyre, that which was erected on the main land. Even the ground seems to have been washed away; and the new Tyre is in nearly a similar state. I think this prophecy must be extended to the whole duration of Tyre. If it now be found to be in the state here described, it is sufficient to show the truth of the prophecy.”
Adam Clarke · Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Keep studying
Sources for this chapter
The summary
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory; John Wesley, Notes on the Old Testament and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.
The exposition
Albert Barnes, Notes on the Old Testament; Carl Friedrich Keil; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible; Patrick Fairbairn and Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible.