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Isaiah 23:11

in Isaiah 23

The LORD has stretched out His hand over the sea; He has made kingdoms tremble. He has given a command that the strongholds of Canaan be destroyed.

BSB

The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾

ASV

He hath stretched out his hand over the sea, he hath shaken the kingdoms: Jehovah hath given commandment concerning Canaan, to destroy the strongholds thereof.

KJV

He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms: the Lord hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to destroy the strong holds thereof.

This verse in Isaiah 23

Commentary

10 notes on this verse
He stretched out his hand - That is, Yahweh (see Isa 23:9). To stretch out the hand is indicative of punishment (see the notes at Isa 5:25; Isa 9:12), and means that God has resolved to inflict exemplary punishment on Tyre and its dependent colonies. Over the sea - That is, over the sea coast of Phenicia; or over the cities that were built on the coast. This alludes to the fact that Nebuchadnezzar would lay siege to these cities, and would ravage the maritime coast of Phenicia.

This site's exposition

Cultivate your land like the Nile

on Isaiah 23:10-14

"The LORD has stretched out His hand over the sea", so the God of Israel commands the element Tyre thought she owned. Verse 13 sets "the land of the Chaldeans" before Tyre as a warning. The section closes as the oracle opened, "Wail, O ships of Tarshish".

This site's exposition

The LORD has stretched out His hand over the sea

Henry hears in the stretched out hand the power that divided the Red Sea. The kingdoms tremble at it. Canaan here means the coast of Tyre and Sidon, and Jamieson, Fausset and Brown note that its cities called their land Canaan on their coins.

The record, by era

The Church Fathers2 voices

A commentator

Jerome

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 420.

proposed

(Verse 11.) He stretched out his hand over the sea, he troubled the kingdoms. Who stretched out his hand? Without a doubt, based on the context of the words themselves, it is God, about whom he said above: the Lord of hosts has planned this, to take away the pride of all glory. He therefore stretched out his hand over all the seas, signifying the world and its inhabitants, and troubled all the nations, among which, even you, Tyre, were troubled, whether it be over the sea, on which you are specifically situated.

A commentator

Jerome

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 420.

proposed

(Vers. 10, 11.) Work your land: for the ships do not come from Carthage at all, and your hand does not prevail, which provokes the kings in the sea. There is much disagreement among other interpreters, and the Septuagint edition diverges from the Hebrew itself in this place, but let us continue with the proposed argument. Above, he had said: Go to Carthage, howl you who dwell on the island. Now he speaks the opposite, because the ships no longer come from Carthage, work your land. For it is beneficial for Tyre that foreign ships perish, so that its people are forced to work their own land. As it is said in Proverbs: 'Whoever works his own land will have plenty of bread' (Prov. 21:11), so that he may live off the produce of his work without the uncertainty of shipwrecks and the danger of drowning, but instead with the fruits of his labor. Concerning this, it is sung in the Psalms to the righteous: 'You shall eat the fruit of the labor of your hands' (Ps. 128:2). It is written in Hosea that the ways of a prostitute are hedged with thorns by the Lord, so that she cannot pursue her lovers, and thus, compelled by this necessity, she may return to her original husband. And as we frequently observe in the affairs of the world, many who could not perceive the Lord through prosperity and the abundance of all things, came to understand through poverty, and turned to the works of justice, after the happiness of this world failed to prevail over the work of their hands, which formerly provoked kings in the sea, or disturbed them, as Symmachus puts it; whose heart is in the hand of God. And would that we too, despising the commerce of this sea, cultivate our own land, and not wait for the ships of Carthage, or the ships of Tyre, which used to go to Carthage, lest we be subjected to the power of the dragon who rules over the sea! […]

The Medieval Church1 voice

A commentator

Thomas Aquinas

Commentary on Isaiah · Written before 1274.

proposed

The Lord has given a charge. Here he threatens destruction. And first, the scourge of persecution; second, he foretells the mourning of compassion: howl (Isa 23:14); third, he designates the time of destruction: and it shall come to pass in that day (Isa 23:15). Concerning …

The Puritans and the Awakening2 voices

A commentator

Matthew Henry

1662–1714

Commentary on the Whole Bible (1710)

proposed

): He stretched out his hand over the sea. He has done so many a time, witness the dividing of the Red Sea and the drowning of Pharaoh in it. He has often shaken the kingdoms that were most secure; and he has now given commandment concerning this merchant-city, to destroy the strongholds thereof.

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — leading-punctuation+unbalanced-parens

A commentator

John Wesley

1703–1791

Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament (1765)

proposed

Shook - Hebrew. he made the kingdoms to tremble; the neighbouring and confederate kingdoms, who might justly quake at her fall, for the dreadfulness and unexpectedness of the thing; and because Tyre was a bulwark, and a refuge to them.
2 more voices on this verse

The Puritans and the Awakening1 voice

He stretched out his hand over the sea,....

The Nineteenth Century1 voice

A commentator

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown

1802–1910

Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)

proposed

He--Jehovah. kingdoms--the Phœnician cities and colonies. the merchant city--rather, Canaan, meaning the north of it, namely, Phœnicia. On their coins, they call their country Canaan.

quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-curly-quotes

How the passage was read

What the Jewish commentators add

On the verses either side of this one

to Kittim to the land of Kittim, arise and cross; even there you shall have no rest. Why do I say, “Arise and cross over?” ([According to our reading, that of the printed editions, we find no answer to this question.
Rashi: France, 1040–1105 · Rashi on Isaiah 23:12:1, via Sefaria, The Judaica Press complete Tanach with Rashi, translated by A. J. Rosenberg
1 more on this passage, in their own words ▾
Remove from thy land, as the waters of a river; flee to a province of the sea: there is no more strength.
Targum · Targum Jonathan on Isaiah 23:10, via Sefaria, London "Chaldee Paraphrase," 1871

This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.

Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 3 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.

The words behind it

12 Hebrew words

Every Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.

  • יָדוֹ֙hand his

    yadoH3027 →1618 times

  • נָטָ֣הhe has stretched out

    natahH5186 →214 times

  • עַל־over

    ʾal-H5921 →5755 times

  • הַיָּ֔םthe sea

    haiyamH3220 →396 times

  • הִרְגִּ֖יזhe has made tremble

    hirgizH7264 →41 times

  • מַמְלָכ֑וֹתkingdoms

    mamlakhotH4467 →117 times

  • יְהוָה֙Yahweh

    yahwehH3068 →6520 times

  • צִוָּ֣הhe has commanded

    tzivahH6680 →494 times

  • אֶל־concerning

    ʾel-H413 →5510 times

  • כְּנַ֔עַןCanaan

    kenaanH3667 →94 times

  • לַשְׁמִ֖דto destroy

    lashmidH8045 →90 times

  • מָעֻזְנֶֽיהָ׃strongholds its

    mauzneihaH4581 →36 times

A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.

The walk

8 stops

Each card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.

  • Through

    Exodus 14:21

    Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, and all that night the LORD drove back the sea with a strong east wind that turned it into dry land. So the waters were…

    it leads to

    • Isaiah 63:12

      who sent His glorious arm to lead them by the right hand of Moses, who divided the waters before them to gain for Himself everlasting renown,

    • Psalms 66:6

      He turned the sea into dry land; they passed through the waters on foot; there we rejoiced in Him.

    • Exodus 15:8

      At the blast of Your nostrils the waters piled up; like a wall the currents stood firm; the depths congealed in the heart of the sea.

    • Nehemiah 9:11

      You divided the sea before them, and they crossed through it on dry ground. You hurled their pursuers into the depths like a stone into raging waters.

    • Isaiah 51:10

      Was it not You who dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep, who made a road in the depths of the sea for the redeemed to cross over?

  • Through

    Genesis 9:25

    he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.”

    it leads to

    • Deuteronomy 27:16

      ‘Cursed is he who dishonors his father or mother.’ And let all the people say, ‘Amen!’

    • Joshua 9:23

      Now therefore you are under a curse and will perpetually serve as woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God.”

    • Judges 1:28–30

      When Israel became stronger, they pressed the Canaanites into forced labor, but they never drove them out completely.

Where this verse is studied

On this page

About Isaiah

This page draws on 9 works. Open the list of works

This page draws on Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Isaiah.