
Joseph Ayo Babalola Riran River, Odunayodeji, 2018. CC BY-SA 4.0.
Oke-Oye, Ilesa, to the church that grew from it · Story · Featured Study
The Aladura Revival, 1930
A road worker who told of a divine call in 1928 came to a church dispute at Ilesa, and a healing revival broke out there.
- Where
- Ilesa, Ijebu-Ode, Ibadan, Efon-Alaaye
- Who
- Joseph Ayo Babalola, D. O. Odubanjo, S. G. Adegboyega, Sophia Odunlami
- When
- July 1930 to 1943
The Wesleyan superintendent in Nigeria called the reports of healing “grotesquely inaccurate accounts of the operations of Babalola,” and his church was said to be the greatest victim of the revival.
Is any one of you sick? He should call the elders of the church to pray over him and anoint him with oil in the name of the Lord.
Summary
Joseph Ayo Babalola led a revival at Oke-Oye, Ilesa, in July 1930. It gave rise to the Christ Apostolic Church, registered in May 1943.
- Aladura is a Yoruba word for people given to prayer, and scholars use it for several churches.
- The Cherubim and Seraphim and the Church of the Lord rose beside it and stayed apart.
- No account from the time has been found in print, and its witnesses come through later writers.
- It refused medicine from the start, and that was one cause of its break with the British.
The Texts of Healing
Three of these churches name James 5:14 in their own statements, and no source found names what Babalola preached at Oke-Oye.
Tenet twelve of that church names James 5:14 to 18. The Precious Stone constitution and the Church of the Lord's article of 1972 each name the same passage. James names prayer, oil and elders, and it leaves medicine unnamed.
And the prayer offered in faith will restore the one who is sick. The Lord will raise him up. If he has sinned, he will be forgiven.
This verse follows the key verse, and all three churches' statements take it in.
James 5:15BSB
they will pick up snakes with their hands, and if they drink any deadly poison, it will not harm them; they will lay their hands on the sick, and they will be made well.”
Tenet twelve names this verse beside James, and the Precious Stone constitution does the same.
Mark 16:18BSB
But He was pierced for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed.
Tenet twelve names this verse, and the Precious Stone doctrine names the passage.
Isaiah 53:5BSB
And the LORD will remove from you all sickness. He will not lay upon you any of the terrible diseases you knew in Egypt, but He will inflict them on all who hate you.
Ogunrinade and Ogbole set this verse beside the quarrel over quinine at Ilesa.
Mark 16:18, Isaiah 53:5, Deuteronomy 7:15
From the Influenza to the Registration
Several of these dates differ between sources, so each row names the source it follows.
The movement took twenty-five years to go from a prayer band to a registered church.
| When | Where | What happened | The source |
|---|---|---|---|
| July 1918 | Ijebu-Ode | A band formed to pray through the influenza | S. A. Fatokun (2010) |
| 1923 | Ijebu-Ode | The band affiliated with Faith Tabernacle of Philadelphia | Fatokun (2010) |
| 25 September 1928 | The Ilesa road | Babalola's call began, by Olayiwola's date | David O. Olayiwola (1995) |
| 9 and 10 July 1930 | Oke-Oye, Ilesa | The meeting of the leaders was set, and the revival broke out during it | Olayiwola (1995) |
| 23 September 1931 | Nigeria | British Apostolic Church leaders came | The church's account |
| March 1932 | Benin City | Babalola was jailed for six months | Olayiwola (1995) |
| Between 1939 and 1941 | Nigeria | The church broke with the British | Fatokun (2010); the church's sites |
| May 1943 | Nigeria | The Christ Apostolic Church was registered | Olayiwola (1995) |
Between 1939 and 1941, May 1943
From the Road to Oke-Oye
A prayer band formed in an epidemic, an American magazine drew it to Philadelphia, and the church tells of a voice on the road.
The prayer band began at St Saviour's Anglican Church at Ijebu-Ode, to meet the influenza epidemic and the war. Sophia Odunlami, a teacher who had recovered from the influenza, told people that those who relied on orthodox or traditional medicine would die.
Its leader, the warden Joseph Sadare, named it Egbe Okuta Iyebiye, the Precious Stone Society. The Anglicans objected to its faith healing, its condemnation of medicine, its refusal of infant baptism and its reliance on dreams.
D. O. Odubanjo, a police clerk, had found a Philadelphia magazine called Sword of the Spirit in July 1917. Through it the band joined Faith Tabernacle, which by S. G. Adegboyega's account taught that tongues were demonic.
Olayiwola says Babalola was born on 25 April 1904 at Odo-Owa. He worked for the Public Works Department as a steam-roller driver on the road from Igbara-Oke to Ilesa. By Olayiwola's telling, from the church's own writers, the engine stopped and a great voice like the sound of many waters called him three times.
After a fast, that telling goes on, he saw a figure in a vision. He was given a hand bell and a bottle of life-giving water. He walked into Odo-Owa covered in palm fronds and charcoal and was taken for mad and arrested for allegedly disturbing the peace.
The leaders were due to meet at Ilesa on 9 and 10 July 1930 with twenty-four items on the agenda. The first was whether baptism given to a man with many wives was valid, and the second whether members might take quinine for malaria. They reached only the first.
Ogunewu calls Babalola a delegate, and Ogunrinade and Ogbole say he was neither a member nor invited to the debate.
The dead child, told several ways2 paragraphs
The revival's founding story is the raising of the dead. Olayiwola, following the church's writers, has a dead child. The church's worldwide site has a boy four days dead. One congregation's site, at Surrey Docks, has a named boy of twelve dead one night, in two tellings of its own.
Matthews Ojo gives a dead man in September 1930. No medical witness or report from the time has been found for any of them, so it stands as the church's account.
Olayiwola reports from the church's own writers that mighty works came through the prayer bell and consecrated water from a stream called Omi Ayo. Olayiwola adds that a revelation told Babalola to burn a tree in front of the palace of the Owa, believed to be a meeting place of witches.
The revival spread from Ilesa to Ibadan, Ijebu, Lagos, Efon-Alaaye, Aramoko Ekiti and Abeokuta. At Efon-Alaaye the band cleared a forest held to be full of evil spirits. Olayiwola reports that the Oba of Efon and the Oba of Aramoko were converted and baptized.
The Size of It, and Who Says So
The crowd counts run from hundreds to forty thousand, and three of the four figures come from the church itself.
The highest count of a crowd is the church's memory, and the lowest comes from a colonial officer on a single visit.
| Figure | What it counts | Who gave it | The witness's interest |
|---|---|---|---|
| A crowd of hundreds | A single visit in 1930 | The assistant district officer in Ilesa, through Olayiwola | A colonial officer judging public order |
| About 100 lepers, 60 blind and 50 lame | Cures in three weeks | Odubanjo's letter of 4 March 1931, through Olayiwola | A leader asking a British church for help |
| About forty thousand | One meeting | Popular memory in the church, through Olayiwola | The church's own memory, with no counter named |
| Over five million | Members today | The church's own site | The church's own claim, with no independent count |
Medicine and the Breaks
The rule against medicine began with a prophecy, and a quarrel over quinine came before the break with the British.
When the government was alerted to the movement, Philadelphia refused to come to its help, and the link ended. Olayiwola ties that to the marital problems of Pastor Clark. A Canadian link followed. Babatunde says it lost some of its team to malaria. Olayiwola writes that the fellowship stopped when C. R. Myers, its one surviving missionary, sent his wife to the hospital, where she died in childbirth. Olayiwola does not state the reason.
Odubanjo then wrote to the Apostolic Church in Bradford, and its men came in 1931 and 1932. In 1933 Sadare walked out, on a revelation to have nothing to do with white missionaries.
The break came between 1939 and 1941, when some of the British missionaries were found using quinine. Britannica adds their exclusion of polygamists and their claim to control the movement. Adegboyega, who stayed with them, called the medicine quarrel a cover for politics and money.
Michael Ogunewu, an admirer, writes that Odubanjo was reported to have died in 1959 of a prostate illness that minor surgery could have corrected. He adds that Odubanjo preferred to die for what he believed than to be treated medically. Ogunewu does not say surgery was offered. Babalola died the same year.
Odubanjo claimed that all the patients in Wesley Hospital at Ilesa left their beds to seek healing from Babalola. No source found says what became of them. No count of deaths from refusal among these churches has been found. No document of the church found says whether it now permits hospital care.
Fatokun, a Pentecostal scholar, wrote of the Precious Stone Church that to condemn medicine as ungodly is religious fanaticism. He asks where Jesus or the Bible condemns medicine as sinful.
How the Key Verse Was Taught
Three writers of three eras on the elders, the oil and the prayer.
Matthew Henry (1662 to 1714)
Commentary on the Whole Bible, on James 5:14
Henry answers those who would make the oil itself the cure.
“the saving of the sick is not ascribed to the anointing with oil, but to prayer: The prayer of faith shall save the sick”
Puritan
John Wesley (1703 to 1791)
Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament
Wesley read this verse as a healing the church once practised.
“This was the whole process of physic in the Christian church, till it was lost through unbelief. That novel invention among the Romanists, extreme unction, practiced not for cure, but where life is despaired of, bears no manner of resemblance to this.”
on James 5:14Evangelical
Smith Wigglesworth (1859 to 1947)
Ever Increasing Faith, Chapter 5: "I Am the Lord That Healeth Thee"
Wigglesworth, a British Pentecostal of Babalola's time, sets out the part of the sick and the part of the elders.
“If you are sick, your part is to call for the elders of the church. It is their part to anoint and pray for you in faith, and then the whole situation rests with the Lord.”
on James 5:14 to 15British Pentecostal
In Their Own Words
No word written by Babalola has been found.
Joseph Ayo Babalola (1904 to 1959)
Attributed to him in the history page of the Christ Apostolic Church, Surrey Docks, undated
Who are you calling me?
“Who are you calling me, and what work do you want me to do?”
Christ Apostolic Church
About this saying1 paragraph
The Christ Apostolic Church at Surrey Docks gives this as Babalola's reply to the voice on the road in 1928, and it stands as attributed to him.
D. O. Odubanjo (died 1959)
Letter to D. P. Williams, March 1931, as quoted in David O. Olayiwola, Babalola, Joseph Ayodele, (1995)
The schools closed down
“Many of the schools belonging to the Wesleyan and Anglican Churches, as well as to the Baptists and the Roman Catholics, closed down altogether, and there has not been sufficient money again to pay their teachers due to the fact that the majority of their members left to join us”
Christ Apostolic Church
About this saying1 paragraph
Odubanjo wrote this to D. P. Williams of the Apostolic Church in March 1931, while he was seeking British help, and Olayiwola gives it from the Ibadan archive.
D. O. Odubanjo
Letter to D. P. Williams, March 1931, as quoted in David O. Olayiwola, Babalola, Joseph Ayodele, (1995)
Ill-treated by government officers
“The officers of the government here fear the European missionaries, and dare not trouble their native converts, but often, we brethren here have been ill-treated by government officers”
Christ Apostolic Church
About this saying1 paragraph
Odubanjo wrote this in the same letter of 1931, on how the officers treated African Christians, and N. Brockman reads the matter differently.
S. G. Adegboyega
Short History of the Apostolic Church in Nigeria, as quoted in David O. Olayiwola, Babalola, Joseph Ayodele, page 22 (1978)
A mighty sweeping revival
“The concilatory talks at Ilesa were going on, when suddenly a mighty sweeping revival broke out at Faith Tabernacle Congregation Church at Oke-Oye, Ilesa”
The Apostolic Church in Nigeria
About this saying1 paragraph
S. G. Adegboyega, who later led the side that stayed with the British, wrote this in 1978, and Olayiwola prints it.
What the Witnesses Dispute
The healings, the prison and the name of the movement are each read in more than one way.
On the healings, the church tells of the sick cured and thousands converted, and every witness for that is an interested one. The officer found an orderly crowd, and Olayiwola does not report that he saw a healing. Olayiwola himself calls some of the claims fantastic.
On the prison, Olayiwola writes that Babalola was arrested for preaching against witches. Lipschutz and Rasmussen say he was charged with taking part in a witch-eradication ordeal. Fatokun calls the charge unruly conduct, and no record of the court has been found.
On how far the state troubled the movement, Brockman says that a few months in jail was the extent of it. Lipschutz and Rasmussen say that officials pressed chiefs to deny its followers land.
On its name, Jegede says the church accepts the word Aladura, and one of its sites calls it an independent Pentecostal church. Fatokun reads it as a Pentecostalism with an African root, and Fatokun himself calls its parent body a holiness movement.
On syncretism, Ajayi reports Mullen's charge of a mix of Christianity and heathenism. The charge is pressed at the Cherubim and Seraphim and the Celestial Church, and Brockman says that Babalola forbade charms and polygamy.
On veneration, Ajayi records prayer to “the God of Babalola.” Olayiwola reports the church's belief that the power given to Babalola placed him on a level with Peter and Paul. It stands here as the church's practice.
Books to Read Next
Babalola, Joseph Ayodele
David O. Olayiwola · 1995
Olayiwola gives the fullest short account, and he names the interested witnesses and their archive files.
Read Olayiwola free at the Dictionary of African Christian BiographyI Will Pour Out My Spirit Upon All Flesh
Samson Adetunji Fatokun · 2010
Fatokun gives the movement's history from the prayer band on, as a Pentecostal scholar who criticizes its rule on medicine.
Read Fatokun free at the CyberjournalWhat the Revival Left
The revival left two churches, this one and the Apostolic Church, which kept Oke-Oye as its base and its connection with Britain.
Sources
Scripture is the Berean Standard Bible.
- The Holy Bible, Berean Standard Bible (read 2026)
- David O. Olayiwola, Babalola, Joseph Ayodele, from J. A. Omoyajowo, ed., Makers of the Church in Nigeria (Lagos: CSS Bookshops, 1995), pages 137 to 149, which quotes S. G. Adegboyega's Short History (1978), D. O. Odubanjo's letter of 4 March 1931, the assistant district officer and the Wesleyan superintendent.
- Samson Adetunji Fatokun, I Will Pour Out My Spirit Upon All Flesh, Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research 19 (January 2010)
- Adewale O. Ogunrinade and Friday Abu Ogbole, Precursors of the 1930 Great Indigenous Revival among the Yoruba People of Southwestern Nigeria, Journal of Educational and Social Research 3:2 (2013)
- Michael Leke Ogunewu, Odubanjo, David Osmond, Dictionary of African Christian Biography (received 2008)
- Timothy Smith Babatunde, Odunlami, Sophia (2021), in the Dictionary of African Christian Biography.
- Norbert C. Brockman, An African Biographical Dictionary (1994), the entry on Babalola.
- Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen, Dictionary of African Historical Biography, second edition (1986), the entry on Babalola.
- Matthews A. Ojo, Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. Gerald H. Anderson (1998), the entry on Babalola.
- Gabriel Gbenga Jegede, The Impact of Cultural Values on Aladura Churches in Ekitiland, Journal of Arts and Contemporary Society 2 (December 2010)
- Babatunde Olatunji Emmanuel Ajayi, Yoruba Tradition Religion and Aladura Christian Faith, MA by Research thesis, University of Birmingham (July 2019)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aladura, no author printed, undated.
- Christ Apostolic Church Worldwide, its own history, an interested witness.
- Christ Apostolic Church, Surrey Docks, one congregation's site, its history and tenets, an interested witness.
- Christ Apostolic Church, the WDA site, its history, an interested witness.
- Gerald F. Moede, ed., Ecumenical Exercise III, Faith and Order Paper 61 (World Council of Churches, 1972), with the Church of the Lord's own article.
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