Isaiah 18:2
in Isaiah 18which sends couriers by sea, in papyrus vessels on the waters. Go, swift messengers, to a people tall and smooth-skinned, to a people widely feared, to a powerful nation of strange speech, whose land is divided by rivers.
BSB
The same verse in ASV and KJV ▾
ASV
that sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of papyrus upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation tall and smooth, to a people terrible from their beginning onward, a nation that meteth out and treadeth down, whose land the rivers divide!
KJV
That sendeth ambassadors by the sea, even in vessels of bulrushes upon the waters, saying, Go, ye swift messengers, to a nation scattered and peeled, to a people terrible from their beginning hitherto; a nation meted out and trodden down, whose land the rivers have spoiled!
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This verse in Isaiah 18
Commentary
14 notes on this verseIn vessels of bulrushes “In vessels of papyrus” - This circumstance agrees perfectly well with Egypt. It is well known that the Egyptians commonly used on the Nile a light sort of ships, or boats, made of the reed papyrus. Ex ipso quidem papyro navigia texunt. Pliny, 42:11. Conseritur bibula Memphitis cymba papyro. Lucan, 4:1
This site's exposition
Woe to the land shadowing with wings
on Isaiah 18:1-3
The tenth burden addresses a land shadowing with wings beyond the rivers of Ethiopia, a description the older commentators read variously toward the winged insects of the Nile region or toward the shape of the land itself, debating the identity without the text naming a king or a battle as the Damascus and Moab oracles do. Ambassadors go out from it by sea in vessels of bulrushes, papyrus boats built for the Nile and its cataracts, carrying word to a nation scattered and peeled, terrible from its beginning, meted out and trodden down by its own rivers. Verse 3 turns from the nation addressed to every inhabitant of the world, called to watch when an ensign is lifted on the mountains and a trumpet blown, a summons whose occasion the chapter itself does not specify.
The record, by era
The Church Fathers5 voices
The word of Isaiah: "Woe to the wings of the vessels of the land, beyond the rivers of Ethiopia: (woe to him) who sends sureties by the sea, and letters of papyrus [on the water; for nimble messengers will go] to a nation anxious and expectant, and a people strange and bitter against them; a nation hopeless and trodden down."But we who hope for the Son of God are persecuted and trodden down by those unbelievers. For the "wings of the vessels" are the churches; and the sea is the world, in which the church is set like a ship tossed in the deep but not destroyed. For she has with her the skilled pilot, Christ. And she bears in her midst also the trophy over death, for she carries with her the cross of the Lord. For her prow is the east, and her stern is the west, and her hold is the south, and her tillers are the two Testaments. And the ropes that stretch around her are the love of Christ, which binds the church. And the net which she bears with her is the layer of the regeneration which renews the believing from which also come these glories. As the wind, the Spirit from heaven is present by whom those who believe are sealed. She has also anchors of iron accompanying her, that is, the holy commandments of Christ himself, which are strong as iron. She also has mariners on the right and on the left, assessors like the holy angels by whom the church is always governed and defended. The ladder in her leading up to the sail-yard is an emblem of the passion of Christ, which brings the faithful to the ascent of heaven. And the topsails aloft on the yard are the company of prophets, martyrs and apostles, who have entered into their rest in the kingdom of Christ.
(Verse 2.) He who sends envoys to the sea, and in papyrus vessels on the waters. Go, swift angels, to a nation torn and ravaged, to a fearsome people after whom there is no other, to a nation waiting and trampled, whose rivers they have plundered. Among the Hebrews and Egyptians and the Egyptians themselves and the Egyptians, they are called by one name, Mesraim. This saying is have, so that no one may get stuck on the word, when they find a masculine word for a feminine gender, that is, for land a man, because even now it is said: He who sends envoys to the sea, that is, Mesraim itself, the Egyptian himself, because from Alexandria, which was then, as I said, called No, envoys were sent to Jerusalem and in papyrus vessels, that is, in letters, or ships, promising their help to them, saying: Go swiftly to the torn people of the Jews, and torn by the assault of the Assyrians; to the people once fearsome, who wielded the command of God, to whose power no one else can be compared: to a nation that always awaited the help of God, and yet is trampled by men: whose land rivers, that is, different kings, have ravaged. Others, however, think that the apostrophe is directed to the Lord, and the meaning is: O God, who sends prophets into the sea of this world, and like sailors through letters, warns the people, commanding them with your messages: go quickly to my torn and convulsed people, to the strongest people, who once terrified all nations around, who always waited for God's help, and because of the greatness of their sins, which they hope for, they do not deserve to receive it: whose land was ravaged by the kings of various nations, and so on. Eusebius of Caesarea, promising a historical interpretation in the title, wanders off into various meanings, so that when I read his books, I found something entirely different from what the index promised. […]
(Verse 2) Therefore, these people across the rivers of Ethiopia are sending messengers into the sea of this world, that is, their disciples, who are said to carry their volumes, rightly called papyrus vessels, that is, papers carried on the water, which are quickly erased. For just as books are quickly obscured and destroyed by water and moisture, so too their message and teaching, once it appears to possess some strength in the beginning, passes away and slips away. Therefore, through irony, it is said to them: O Angels of heretics, go quickly. These false apostles, deceitful workers, who transform themselves into apostles of Christ, are referred to as such by the blessed apostle Paul (2 Cor. XI). And go to the nation torn and ravaged: torn from God and torn apart by the bites of heretics. To a horrible people; for there is nothing more horrible than blasphemy, which lifts up its own mouth in arrogance. After which there is no other people; for every sin when compared to blasphemy is lighter. A people waiting, waiting, and trampled upon. For all heretics promise themselves celestial things, and they promise great things, and yet they are trampled upon by demons. Whose land the rivers have plundered, which do not have waters from the sky, but from the earth. For what corner is there, what remote wilderness of the earth, to which the polluted speech of heretics does not reach?
Someone might wonder and say to himself, "Why does the prophetic oracle addressed to Damascus now mention the land that is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia?" At certain times the Israelites foolishly abandoned God the Savior of all and fell into the error of worshiping many gods. Paying no heed whatsoever to the law given by Moses, they were chastised by God, at times through foes who rose up against them and at times by other catastrophes. Although they should have repented and been healed, ceased their wicked way, walked in the commandments and sought help from God, they made alliances with their neighbors, first with the kings in Damascus, then with those in Egypt. Not only this. They also embraced the gods of the nations that had come to their aid and wasted no time in emulating their ways. Hence the prophet now turns his attention to the Egyptians.The Israelites, in particular those living in Jerusalem, had approached the Egyptians and pleaded with them to become allies. They needed their support because they were being invaded by the Babylonians. As God says in the words of the prophet, "Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, who trust in horses and chariots." The Egyptians were zealous in their devotion to idols. Therefore he calls them a people desperate and beaten down. Desperate because they did not know the one who is by nature truly God, beaten down because they had allowed their minds to become subject to the deceptions of demons, trodden down under their feet.
(Verse 2) And it is said about their teaching and their language: You who send books of this age into the sea, the hostages of your perversity, and letters to deceive those who will read them. The swift messengers go to the high and foreign people, and the most wicked. For no ecclesiastics have so much zeal for good as heretics have for evil, and they believe they will gain advantage by deceiving others and destroying those who are already doomed.
7 more voices on this verse
The Medieval Church1 voice
Second, he describes the help which they promised to the two tribes. And first, he describes the manner of announcing, saying: they that, namely, the Egyptian people, sends ambassadors, that is, messengers, to the two tribes, in the sea, that is, through the sea, and …
The Puritans and the Awakening4 voices
Which agrees well to the Ethiopians, for the manner of their habitation, which is more scattered than that of other people. Peeled - Having their hair plucked off. This is metaphorically used in scripture, for some great calamity, whereby men are stripped of all their comforts.
), shall be a present to the Lord: and, though they seem useless and worthless, they shall be an acceptable present to him who judges of men by the sincerity of their faith and love, not by the pomp and prosperity of their outward condition. Therefore the gospel was ministered to the Gentiles that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable, Rom. xv.
quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — leading-punctuation+unbalanced-parens
That sendeth ambassadors by the sea,....
"It is a nation that has been terrible, and therefore we must be revenged on it; it is now a nation scattered and peeled, meted out and trodden down, and therefore it will be an easy prey for us." Perhaps it was not brought so low as they represented it.
The Nineteenth Century2 voices
A commentator
Jamieson, Fausset & Brown1802–1910
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)
proposed
Go--Isaiah tells them to take back the tidings of what God is about to do (Isa 18:4) against the common enemy of both Judah and Ethiopia. scattered and peeled--rather, "strong and energetic" [MAURER]. The Hebrew for "strong" is literally, "drawn out" (Margin;
quarantine:debris (2026-07-29) — unbalanced-parens
A commentator
Albert Barnes1798–1870
Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869)
proposed
That sendeth ambassadors - That is, “accustomed” to send messengers. What was the design of their thus sending ambassadors does not appear. The prophet simply intimates the fact; a fact by which they were well known. It may have been for purposes of commerce, or to seek protection. Bochart renders the word translated ‘ambassadors’ by “images,” and supposes that it denotes an image of the god Osiris made of the papyrus; but there does not seem to be any reason for this opinion. The word ציר tsı̂yr may mean an idol or image, as in Isa 45:16; Psa 49:15. But it usually denotes ambassadors, or messengers Jos 9:4; Pro 25:13; Pro 13:17; Isa 57:9; Jer 49:14; Oba 1:1. By the sea - What “sea” is here meant cannot be accurately determined. The word ‘sea’ (ים yâm) is applied to various collections of water, and may be used in reference to a sea, a lake, a pond, and even a large river. It is often applied to the Mediterranean; and where the phrase “Great Sea” occurs, it denotes that Num 34:6-7; Deu 11:24. It is applied to the Lake of Gennesareth or the Sea of Galilee Num 34:11; to the Salt Sea Gen 14:3; to the Red Sea often (Exo 13:10; Num 14:25; Num 21:4; Num 33:10, “et al.”) It is also applied to “a large river,” as, “e. g., the Nile” Isa 19:5; Neh 3:8; and to the Euphrates Jer 51:36. So far as this “word” is concerned, therefore, it may denote either the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the Nile, or the Euphrates. If the country spoken of is Upper Egypt or Nubia, then we are naturally led to suppose that the prophet refers either to the Nile or the Red Sea. Even in vessels of bulrushes - The word rendered ‘bulrushes’ (גמא gôme') is derived from the verb גמא gâmâ', “to swallow, sip, drink;” and is given to a reed or bulrush, from its “imbibing” water. […]
How the passage was read
What the Jewish commentators add
Go swift messengers to see whether it is true that the Israelites have returned to their place, a nation which is pulled and torn, to a people that is awesome from its inception.
3 more on this passage, in their own words ▾
Woe to the land shaded by wings Jonathan renders: to which they come in ships from a distant land, and their sails are spread out like an eagle that flies with its wings.
All inhabitants of the world, etc. You need not send messengers for this, for when a standard of the mountains is raised, you shall see the ingathering of the exiles, and when a shofar is sounded you shall hear.
Ho! the land which is beyond the rivers of India, to which they come in ships from a far country, whose sails are spread as an eagle flieth with its wings.
This section is reception history: how the passage was read and kept in the Jewish tradition. Where a reading parts from an essential of the Christian faith, the section says so at that point.
Texts and citation data: Sefaria; each excerpt follows its version’s licence. 2 further sources are cited on this chapter that carry no English text this site may quote or only restate the verse.
The words behind it
29 Hebrew wordsEvery Hebrew word of this verse in the order it stands, with what it means and the door to its own study. The last column counts the times a word stands in the whole Bible: the rarer the word, the more the places it appears belong together.
| Hebrew | Sound | Meaning | Word study | In the Bible |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| הַשֹּׁלֵ֨חַ | hasholeach | which sends | H7971 → | 845 times |
| בַּיָּ֜ם | baiyam | on the sea | H3220 → | 396 times |
| צִירִ֗ים | tzirim | envoys | H6735 → | 12 times |
| וּבִכְלֵי־ | uvikhlei- | and in vessels of | H3627 → | 325 times |
| גֹמֶא֮ | gome' | papyrus | H1573 → | |
| עַל־ | ʾal- | on | H5921 → | 5755 times |
| פְּנֵי־ | penei- | [the] surface of | H6440 → | 2123 times |
| מַיִם֒ | mayim | [the] waters | H4325 → | 581 times |
| לְכ֣וּ׀ | lekhu | go | H1980 → | 1546 times |
| מַלְאָכִ֣ים | malakhim | O messengers | H4397 → | 213 times |
| קַלִּ֗ים | kalim | swift | H7031 → | 13 times |
| אֶל־ | ʾel- | to | H413 → | 5510 times |
| גּוֹי֙ | goy | a nation | H1471 → | 561 times |
| מְמֻשָּׁ֣ךְ | memushakh | tall | H4900 → | 36 times |
| וּמוֹרָ֔ט | umorat | and smooth skinned | H4803 → | 14 times |
| אֶל־ | ʾel- | to | H413 → | 5510 times |
| עַ֥ם | ʾam | a people | H5971 → | 1873 times |
| נוֹרָ֖א | nora' | feared | H3372 → | 315 times |
| מִן־ | min- | from | H4480 → | 1188 times |
| ה֣וּא | hu' | it | H1931 → | 1879 times |
| וָהָ֑לְאָה | vahalah | and beyond | H1973 → | |
| גּ֚וֹי | goy | a nation of | H1471 → | 561 times |
| קַו־ | kav- | strength of | H6978 → | 4 times |
| קָ֣ו | kav | strength | H6978 → | 4 times |
| וּמְבוּסָ֔ה | umevusah | and trampling | H4001 → | 3 times |
| אֲשֶׁר־ | ʾasher- | which | H834 → | 5497 times |
| בָּזְא֥וּ | bazeu | they divide | H958 → | |
| נְהָרִ֖ים | neharim | rivers | H5104 → | 119 times |
| אַרְצֽוֹ׃ | ʾartzo | land its | H776 → | 2504 times |
הַשֹּׁלֵ֨חַwhich sends
hasholeachH7971 →845 times
בַּיָּ֜םon the sea
baiyamH3220 →396 times
צִירִ֗יםenvoys
tzirimH6735 →12 times
וּבִכְלֵי־and in vessels of
uvikhlei-H3627 →325 times
גֹמֶא֮papyrus
gome'H1573 →
עַל־on
ʾal-H5921 →5755 times
פְּנֵי־[the] surface of
penei-H6440 →2123 times
מַיִם֒[the] waters
mayimH4325 →581 times
לְכ֣וּ׀go
lekhuH1980 →1546 times
מַלְאָכִ֣יםO messengers
malakhimH4397 →213 times
קַלִּ֗יםswift
kalimH7031 →13 times
אֶל־to
ʾel-H413 →5510 times
גּוֹי֙a nation
goyH1471 →561 times
מְמֻשָּׁ֣ךְtall
memushakhH4900 →36 times
וּמוֹרָ֔טand smooth skinned
umoratH4803 →14 times
אֶל־to
ʾel-H413 →5510 times
עַ֥םa people
ʾamH5971 →1873 times
נוֹרָ֖אfeared
nora'H3372 →315 times
מִן־from
min-H4480 →1188 times
ה֣וּאit
hu'H1931 →1879 times
וָהָ֑לְאָהand beyond
vahalahH1973 →
גּ֚וֹיa nation of
goyH1471 →561 times
קַו־strength of
kav-H6978 →4 times
קָ֣וstrength
kavH6978 →4 times
וּמְבוּסָ֔הand trampling
umevusahH4001 →3 times
אֲשֶׁר־which
ʾasher-H834 →5497 times
בָּזְא֥וּthey divide
bazeuH958 →
נְהָרִ֖יםrivers
neharimH5104 →119 times
אַרְצֽוֹ׃land its
ʾartzoH776 →2504 times
A shaded row is a word that stands 400 times or fewer in the Bible.
The walk
8 stopsEach card is a verse this one points to, and under it the verses that one points to in turn. Where several paths arrive at the same place, that place is listed first: the text keeps returning to it.
Through
2 Chronicles 16:8Were not the Cushites and Libyans a vast army with many chariots and horsemen? Yet because you relied on the LORD, He delivered them into your hand.
it leads to
- 2 Chronicles 12:3
with 1,200 chariots, 60,000 horsemen, and countless troops who came with him out of Egypt—Libyans, Sukkites, and Cushites.
- 2 Chronicles 16:7
At that time Hanani the seer came to King Asa of Judah and told him, “Because you have relied on the king of Aram and not on the LORD your God, the army of…
- 2 Chronicles 13:16
So the Israelites fled before Judah, and God delivered them into their hands.
- 2 Chronicles 14:9–12
Then Zerah the Cushite came against them with an army of 1,000,000 men and 300 chariots, and they advanced as far as Mareshah.
- 2 Chronicles 12:3
Through
Isaiah 18:7At that time gifts will be brought to the LORD of Hosts—from a people tall and smooth-skinned, from a people widely feared, from a powerful nation of strange speech, whose land is divided by…
it leads to
- Zephaniah 3:10
From beyond the rivers of Cush My worshipers, My scattered people, will bring Me an offering.
- Zechariah 14:16–17
Then all the survivors from the nations that came against Jerusalem will go up year after year to worship the King, the LORD of Hosts, and to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles.
- Acts 8:27–28
So he started out, and on his way he met an Ethiopian eunuch, a court official in charge of the entire treasury of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians. He had gone to Jerusalem to…
- Zephaniah 3:10
Through
2 Chronicles 14:9Then Zerah the Cushite came against them with an army of 1,000,000 men and 300 chariots, and they advanced as far as Mareshah.
it leads to
- 2 Chronicles 16:8
Were not the Cushites and Libyans a vast army with many chariots and horsemen? Yet because you relied on the LORD, He delivered them into your hand.
- 2 Chronicles 16:8
About Isaiah

This page draws on 12 works. Open the list of works
This page draws on Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible; Albert Barnes, Notes on the Book of Isaiah; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Cyril of Alexandria, COMMENTARY ON ISAIAH 2:3.18; Hippolytus of Rome, ON THE ANTICHRIST 58-59; Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible; Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament; John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763); John Wesley, Explanatory Notes upon the Old Testament; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Isaiah.
