Skip to content
mannafest.faith

Hebrew Roots · letter 7 of 22

Zayin

The uncertain sign, and the letter of the seed and the word remember.

How the shape travelled: three historical stages

How sure we are of this ancient picture

Picture unclear

Original sign

A weapon, a shaft with a crossbar near the head.

Paleo-Hebrew

Two bars joined by a spine, like a capital I.

Modern square

The letter as every printed Hebrew Bible sets it.

On the picture: Popularly read as a sword.

Stage 1 has no Unicode encoding, so it stays a drawing, simplified from the copies published by the scholars who studied the inscriptions themselves: Gardiner, Cross, Naveh, Hamilton. Ancient scribes varied, and no two carvings cut a letter exactly alike. Stages 2 and 3 are real Unicode text.

Sounds like

A z as in "zeal."

Written z in scholarly books.

Its number

7

letters carried number values from the Hellenistic era on

Its name means

weapon

Final form

none

this letter does not change at the end of a word

Zayin is the seventh letter, and it is one of the ones nobody has pinned down. The best guess for its original sign is a weapon; another reasonable guess is a shackle. The letter's name was never recovered as a plain word, so there is nothing to test the guess against. When you see confident sword imagery attached to this letter, that confidence is not coming from the evidence.

What is not uncertain is the company this letter keeps. Zera, "seed," begins here, and the seed is one of the Bible's longest single threads, running from the promise in Eden that the woman's seed would crush the serpent's head, through Abraham's offspring, to David's line.

Zakhar, "remember," begins here too, and the alphabet poets clearly noticed. When they reach the zayin line, again and again what they write is: remember.

Where Scripture itself plays with this letter

The seed promise

In Genesis 3, in the middle of the curse, God speaks to the serpent: "I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; he shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel." The word is zera (seed, offspring, descendants) and once it is said, the Bible keeps following it. It runs to Abraham ("in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed"), and on down the line of promise. It is the first hint of rescue in the book, and it is spoken before the first exile from the garden.

The alphabet poets reach zayin and say "remember"

Psalm 25's zayin verse is "Remember, O LORD, Your compassion and loving devotion." Psalm 119's zayin stanza opens "Remember the word unto thy servant." Psalm 145's zayin verse is "They shall utter the memory of thy great goodness." The poets needed a word starting with this letter and reached for the same one: remembering is what zayin does in Hebrew poetry, and once you can see the pattern, three separate psalms line up.

Where zayin lands when waw is missing

Psalm 34 walks the alphabet but skips waw, so the zayin line arrives one verse early: "This poor man called out, and the LORD heard him." It is a small thing, and it is the kind of small thing that only shows up when you count the letters instead of reading the translation.

Words that begin here

The eight verses that are Zayin’s own

Psalm 119 is the alphabet walking down the longest chapter in the Bible. Every letter gets eight verses, and every one of those eight verses begins with it. Verses 4956 are the Zayin stanza — eight lines that all open on ז. Every line stands open below, with one preacher’s comment on it directly underneath.

  1. Remember Your word to Your servant, upon which You have given me hope.

    Psalm 119:49

    , ZAIN.--The Seventh Part. ZAIN. Remember the word unto thy servant,.... The word of promise made unto him, concerning establishing his house and kingdom for ever; which he desires God would show himself mindful of in fulfilling it, and renew and confirm his faith in it, and give him some fresh assurance of the performance of it, 2Sa 7:

    John GillExposition of the Old Testament (1748-1763)on Psalm 119:49

  2. This is my comfort in affliction, that Your promise has given me life.

    Psalm 119:50

    We are instructed in all this, but the prophet has already experienced it. He says, "This hope has consoled me in my humility, for your word has given me life." The hope is the hope that God has implanted in him. It has consoled him "in his humility," that is, when he is spurned, mocked, vexed by injustices, dishonored by insults, for he knows that he is soldiering through his present trials. But the hope instilled by the Lord consoles him in these wars endured in his weakness, and he is lent life by the utterances of God.

    Hilary of PoitiersHOMILY ON PSALM 118 (367)on Psalm 119:50

  3. I remember Your judgments of old, O LORD, and in them I find comfort.

    Psalm 119:52

    "For I was mindful of Your judgments from the beginning of the world, O Lord, and received comfort" [Psalm 119:52]; or, as other copies have it, "and I was exhorted," that is, received exhortation. For either might be rendered for the Greek pareklhqhn. "From the beginning of the world," that is, from the birth of the human race, "I was mindful of Your judgments" upon the vessels of wrath, which are fitted unto perdition: "and I received comfort," since through these also have You shown the riches of Your glory on the vessels of Your mercy. [Romans 9:22-23]

    Augustine of HippoExposition on Psalm 119 (430)on Psalm 119:52

  4. Rage has taken hold of me because of the wicked who reject Your law.

    Psalm 119:53

    Horror hath taken hold upon me - Has seized me; has overpowered and overwhelmed me. I shudder; I tremble; I am afraid; I am filled with distress. Luther, “I am burnt up.” The Hebrew word - זלעפה zal‛âphâh - is from a verb meaning “to be hot; to glow”; and the idea in the word is that of violent heat; then, a glow or burning, as of a wind - the “simoom” of the desert. See Psa 11:6, where the word is translated “horrible tempest,” in the margin, “burning.” The word occurs only in that passage, in the one before us, and in Lam 5:10, where it is rendered “terrible (famine),” in the margin, “terrors,” or “storms.” The state referred to here is that of one who sees the storm of burning wind and sand approaching; who expects every moment to be overcome and buried; whose soul trembles with consternation. Because of the wicked ... - Their conduct alarms me. Their danger appals me. Their condition overwhelms me. I see them rebelling against God. I see them exposed to his wrath. I see the grave just before them, and the awful scenes of judgment near. I see them about to be cast off, and to sink to endless woe, and my soul is transfixed with horror. The contemplation overwhelms me with uncontrollable anguish. Can such things be? Can people be thus in danger? And can they be calm and composed, when so near such awful horrors? No man can look on the world of despair without horror; no one can truly realize that his fellow-men are exposed to the horrors of that abode without having his soul filled with anguish. Strange that all people do not feel thus - that impenitent people can walk along on the verge of the grave and of hell “without” horror - that pious people, good people, praying people, can look upon their friends in that condition without having their souls filled with unutterable anguish. Compare Psa 119:136; Rom 9:1-4; Luk 19:41.

    Albert BarnesNotes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869)on Psalm 119:53

  5. Your statutes are songs to me in the house of my pilgrimage.

    Psalm 119:54

    THE 119th Psalm is said, by many, to consist of detached sentences and to be rather a casket of gold rings than a chain of united golden links, yet the position of this verse is somewhat remarkable, for the verse before it runs thus— "Horror has taken hold upon me because of the wicked that forsake Your Law." Most of you know for yourselves what that sentence means, for if you hear a man swear in the streets, your blood runs chill with horror.

    Charles SpurgeonThe Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, Sermon No. 1652: “The Singing Pilgrim” (lightly modernized text, CCEL edition) (1882)on Psalm 119:54

More voices on these same eight verses2
  • THE 119th Psalm is a very wonderful composition. Its expressions are many as the waves, but its testimony is one as the sea. It deals all along with the same subject and it consists, as you observe, of a vast number of verses, some of which are very similar to others. And yet throughout the 176 stanzas, the same thought is not repeated—there is always a shade of difference even when the color of the thought appears to be the same.

    Charles SpurgeonThe Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, Sermon No. 1969: “Pleading Prayer” (lightly modernized text, CCEL edition) (1887)on Psalm 119:49

  • Resting on the promises consoles under affliction and the tauntings of the insolent. upon which--rather, "Remember Thy word unto Thy servant, because," &c. So the Hebrew requires [HENGSTENBERG].

    Jamieson, Fausset & BrownCommentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (1871)on Psalm 119:49

How readers have meditated on this letter

The sword of the Spirita devotional reading

Devotional writers have often taken the weapon reading of this sign and set it beside the Bible's own sword imagery: "the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God," and "the word of God is living, and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword." The connection preaches well. It should be held loosely, for one plain reason given above: the weapon identification is a guess, and this is one of the letters scholars are least sure about. The New Testament makes the point about the word without needing the letter at all.

Read this way by: Christian devotional tradition, on Ephesians 6:17 and Hebrews 4:12; offered as meditation, not as a claim about the letter