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Proverbs

Summary

Chapter summary

'The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the righteous are bold as a lion.' He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayer is an abomination. 'He that covereth his transgressions shall not prosper; but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall obtain mercy' (28:13, the Old Testament's 1 John 1:9). He that hasteth to be rich shall not be unpunished. 'He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack.' He that trusteth in his own heart is a fool.

Context

Poetry · Solomon, Agur, LemuelProverbs overview

  • A. 1–14 The Wicked Flee When None Pursueth; Confessed Sin Finds Mercy
  • B. 15–28 He That Tilleth His Land Shall Have Plenty of Bread

The outline

  1. A.The Wicked Flee When None Pursueth; Confessed Sin Finds Mercyvv. 1 to 14

    Read vv. 1 to 14
  2. B.He That Tilleth His Land Shall Have Plenty of Breadvv. 15 to 28

    Read vv. 15 to 28

The world behind this chapter

Proverbs 28
When
Copied out under Hezekiah, from the sayings of Solomon · Solomon's sayings, c. 970–931 BC, copied c. 715–686 BC
Where
A hill country washed by a sudden storm, and a nation governed well or badly
Who first heard it
Rulers, lenders, and the poor who suffer under both

The history

"A poor man that oppresseth the poor is like a sweeping rain which leaveth no food." This is a flash flood. Rain in that country falls hard and short, water pours off bare slopes into wadis, and a torrent can strip terrace soil, tear out young vines, and gut a mud-brick wall in an hour — leaving nothing to harvest. A poor official squeezing his own neighbours does the same kind of damage: total and local.

"He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor." Israel's law banned charging interest to a fellow Israelite, required the poor man's cloak to be returned by nightfall, and cancelled debts every seventh year. Every one of those rules existed because moneylending was the standard way a family lost its land.

"For the transgression of a land many are the princes thereof" describes political churn — the rapid turnover of rulers that hit the northern kingdom especially hard, where dynasties fell in coups within a generation.

"He that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent." Under the monarchy, trade routes, tax farming, and royal contracts made fast fortunes possible in a way village farming never had. The proverb is describing a new temptation, not an old one.

What it meant to them

"He that covereth his sins shall not prosper: but whoso confesseth and forsaketh them shall have mercy" is the clearest statement of that pattern in the book, and it is aimed at people with the power to hide things.

The opening line frames the rest: "the wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bold as a lion." Guilt, the chapter says, does its own surveillance.

Sources cited

  • John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
  • Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions

Every work MannaFest builds on →

The text of this chapter

This page carries no textual note on Proverbs 28. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →

This page draws on Jamieson, Fausset & Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory and Matthew Henry, Complete Commentary.