Proverbs16chapter 16

"The lot is cast into the lap; but the whole disposing thereof is of the LORD." Casting lots was normal Israelite procedure, not gambling. Land was divided by lot, priestly duties were assigned by lot, and the high priest carried the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece for exactly this purpose. The lot was thrown into the fold of a garment so nobody could see or steer it — and this proverb says God steers it.

"A divine sentence is in the lips of the king: his mouth transgresseth not in judgment" describes the king as the final court of appeal. Israel's king was expected to render decisions no lower court could — the scene of Solomon and the two women and one living child is exactly this office in action. The line is a statement of the ideal, and the chapter immediately fences it: "it is an abomination to kings to commit wickedness."

"All the weights of the bag are his work" ties the marketplace back to God. The standard weights that a trader carried were, in principle, set by royal or sanctuary standard — and the proverb says behind that standard stands the LORD himself.

"The hoary head is a crown of glory, if it be found in the way of righteousness." Life expectancy was short and old age was rare; a white-headed man in the gate carried authority simply by having survived. The proverb adds one condition to the honour.