Proverbschapter 21
31 verses · KJVProverbs book hub →
A.The King's Heart Is a Watercourse in Jehovah's Handvv. 1-16
Proverbs 21:1-4
The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord: , as the rivers of water opens the chapter with the most absolute human will still turned wherever God directs it, and every way of a man is right in his own eyes matches it from below, self-judgment counting for nothing next to the Lord who pondereth hearts. To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice puts a prophet's charge into proverb form, the same priority Samuel presses on Saul in 1 Samuel 15:22, obedience valued above ritual performed instead of it. An high look, and a proud heart, and the plowing of the wicked, is sin extends that charge even to ordinary work, Gill reading the whole activity of an unrepentant life as tainted at its root rather than only its worst moments.
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:1, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:1
“A desire to learn and a yearning for heavenly things is suitable to a religious emperor; for thus you will truly have "your heart" also "in the hand of God." Since then your piety desired to learn from us the faith of the catholic church, giving thanks for these things to the Lord, we counseled above all things to remind your piety of the faith confessed by the fathers at Nicea.”
Athanasius of Alexandria· fourth century· LETTER TO JOVIAN 56:1patristic
Proverbs 21:1
“Rivers of water - See the Psa 1:3 note. As the cultivator directs the stream into the channels where it is most wanted, so Yahweh directs the thoughts of the true king, that his favors may fall, not at random, but in harmony with a divine order.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:3, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:3
“Compare the marginal reference. The words have a special significance as coming from the king who had built the temple, and had offered sacrifices that could not be numbered for multitude” 1Ki 8:5.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:4, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:4
“A high look - The evidence of pride, self-conceit, and vanity. A proud heart, from which the high look, etc., come. And the ploughing - נר ner, lucerna, the lamp, the prosperity and posterity of the wicked; is sin - it is evil in the seed, and evil in the root evil in the branch, and evil in the fruit. They are full of sin themselves, and what they do is sinful.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Proverbs 21:5-7
The thoughts of the diligent tend only to plenteousness: sets patience against haste, the hasty man's plans running only to want. The getting of treasures by a lying tongue names the fastest wrong shortcut, a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death, wealth that does not even benefit the man who lied for it. The robbery of the wicked shall destroy them closes the triplet on the same ground, because they refuse to do judgment, the same justice named at verse 3 now working as the standard a man's own dishonest gain is measured against and found short.
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:6, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:6
“Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued; for to be double-tongued is a snare of death. Thy speech shall not be false, nor empty, but fulfilled by deed. Thou shalt not be covetous, nor rapacious, nor a hypocrite, nor evil disposed, nor haughty. Thou shalt not take evil counsel against thy neighbour. Thou shalt not hate any man; but some thou shalt reprove, and concerning some thou shalt pray, and some thou shalt love more than thy own life.”
Didache· first century· The Didache, Chapter 2patristic
Proverbs 21:6
“Of them that seek death - Instead of מבקשי mebakshey, “them that seek,” several MSS., some ancient editions, with Symmachus, the Septuagint, Vulgate, and Arabic, have מקשי mokeshey, the snares. He who gets treasures by a lying tongue, pursues vanity into the snares of death. Our common translation may be as good. But he who, by the snares of his tongue, endeavors to buy and sell to the best advantage, is pursuing what is empty in itself; and he is ensnared by death, while he is attempting to ensnare others.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Proverbs 21:8-10
The way of man is froward and strange: , but as for the pure, his work is right, states the chapter's basic division before the first of two proverbs on a quarrelsome wife. It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house chooses a cramped rooftop shelter over a spacious home made unlivable by contention. The soul of the wicked desireth evil closes the trio with the same appetite language the chapter has already used of the treasure-seeker, wickedness read as a craving the wicked man's own neighbour cannot satisfy or escape.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:8, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:8
“The perverse way of a man is foreign, etc. To live justly before the Lord is proper to the human condition. Hence elsewhere it is said, "Fear God, and keep his commandments, for this is the whole duty of man" (Ecclesiasticus 12). But he who …”
Bede· eighth century· Commentary on Proverbspatristic
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:9, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:9
“A wide house - literally, “a house of companionship,” i. e., a house shared with her. The flat roof of an Eastern house was often used for retirement by day, or in summer for sleep by night. The corner of such a roof was exposed to all changes of weather, and the point of the proverb lies in the thought that all winds and storms which a man might meet with there are more endurable than the tempest within.”
Proverbs 21:11-13
When the scorner is punished, the simple is made wise: describes public justice teaching by example, a lesson the onlooker learns without paying the scorner's price. The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked, watching where wickedness ends up, while God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness states the reason plainly rather than leaving it to be inferred. Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor closes the cluster on the same principle turned personal, the man who refuses to hear left to go unheard himself, the punishment fitted exactly to the failure.
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:12, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:12
“The righteous man wisely considereth the house of the wicked,.... Not so much the stately palace he lives in, and the furniture of it, as the glory, splendour, riches, and largeness of his family; the flourishing condition he and they are in: he considers how they came into it, the short continuance of it, and what the end will be, which in a short time wilt be ruin and destruction; and therefore be does not envy their present happiness, or fret at it.”
Proverbs 21:12
“The righteous man wisely considereth - This verse is understood as implying the pious concern of a righteous man, for a wicked family, whom he endeavors by his instructions to bring into the way of knowledge and peace.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Voices on this verse, 3What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:13, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:13
“Benefactions to the needy, financed by unjust gains, are not acceptable with God. Even one who refrains from committing injustices, and yet does not share the goods he possesses with anyone, is not deserving of praise.… If you will make an offering to God from the fruits of injustice and rapine, it would be better not to possess such wealth and not to make an offering.”
Basil of Caesarea· fourth century· ON MERCY AND JUSTICEpatristic
Proverbs 21:13
“Whoso stoppeth his ears at the cry of the poor,.... For want of bread; or, "of the weak", as the Septuagint and other versions; for want of help and protection, when in the greatest distress; and, with the most pressing importunity, entreats his assistance, and yet refuses to hear him out: or, if he does, will not relieve him, which is all one as if he heard him not, or denied him a hearing; he also shall cry himself; the Targum and Syriac version add, "unto God".”
Proverbs 21:13
“Whoso stoppeth his ears - See the conduct of the priest and Levite to the man who fell among thieves; and let every man learn from this, that he who shuts his ear against the cry of the poor, shall have the ear of God shut against his cry. The words are quite plain; there is no difficulty here.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Proverbs 21:14-16
A gift in secret pacifieth anger: observes rather than commends a common tactic, a quiet bribe cooling wrath that an open one would only provoke further. It is joy to the just to do judgment sets the same word, judgment, against destruction for the workers of iniquity, one act producing opposite feelings depending on which side of righteousness a man stands on. The man that wandereth out of the way of understanding shall remain in the congregation of the dead gives the wandering its full weight, and Gill reads the congregation of the dead as those already given over, the assembly a man joins by the direction he keeps walking in.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:14, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:14
“A gift in secret pacifieth anger,.... Appeases an angry man; humbles and "brings his anger down" (y), as Aben Ezra and Gersom observe the word signifies; which before rose very high, and showed itself in big words and disdainful looks, as proud wrath does; or extinguishes it, as the Targum and Vulgate Latin version render it, and very fitly.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:15, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:15
“The commandments of God contain nothing burdensome, but rather they are sweet. "It is joy to the just to do judgment," that is, justice. But we see that to an infected palate sweet food seems bitter; similarly, to a man of perverse will the commandments …”
Bonaventure· thirteenth century· Collationes de Decem Praeceptis, Collation 1patristic
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:16, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:16
“The man who strays from the way of doctrine, etc. He says that the giants are unclean spirits, about which the blessed Job says, "Behold, the giants groan beneath the waters, and those who dwell with them" (Job 26:5), that is, proud and malevolent strong …”
Bede· eighth century· Commentary on Proverbspatristic
Proverbs 21:16
“The man once enlightened, that wandereth out of the way of understanding, in which he had walked, shall remain - have a permanent residence - in the congregation of the dead; רפאים rephaim, the lost; either separate spirits in general, or rather the assembly of separate spirits, which had fallen from primitive rectitude; and shall not be restored to the Divine favor; particularly those sinners who were destroyed by the deluge. This passage intimates that those called rephaim are in a state of conscious existence.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
B.The Horse Is Prepared, but Victory Is of Jehovahvv. 17-31
Proverbs 21:17-18
He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: names the appetite that spends a life down to nothing, wine and oil standing for indulgence that consumes rather than builds. The wicked shall be a ransom for the righteous reads oddly against ordinary justice, and the bench takes it as providence rather than atonement, the wicked man's own schemes working out, in the course of events, to the advantage of the righteous he meant to harm.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:17, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:17
“Wine and oil - i. e., The costly adjuncts of a princely banquet. The price of oil or precious unguent was about equal to the 300 days’ wages of a field laborer Mat 20:2. Indulgence in such a luxury would thus become the type of all extravagance and excess.”
Proverbs 21:19-20
It is better to dwell in the wilderness, than with a contentious and an angry woman: restates verse 9's judgment in a harsher key, open desert now preferred to a house, and the bench reads the pair together as the chapter's own proof that a hard truth is worth repeating rather than softening the second time. Treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise, wasted by a foolish man who spends it up, turns from marriage back to money, the same contrast between the patient and the wasteful the chapter has already drawn at verse 5.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:19, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:19
"It is better to dwell in the wilderness than with a contentious and an angry woman." You wives, therefore, demonstrate your piety by your modesty and meekness to all outside the church, whether they are women or men, in order to their conversion and improvement in the faith. And since we have warned you and instructed you briefly, whom we do esteem our sisters, daughters and members, as being wise yourselves, persevere all your lives in a blameless course of life.
Apostolic Constitutions· fourth century· CONSTITUTIONS OF THE HOLY APOSTLESpatristic
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:20, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:20
“Spendeth it up - literally, swalloweth it. The wise man keeps a store in reserve. He gains uprightly, spends moderately, never exhausts himself. But the proverb may have also a higher application. The wise man stores up all “treasure to be desired” of wisdom, all “oil” of divine influence, which strengthens and refreshes, and so is ready at all times for the work to which the Master calls him. Compare Mat 25:1-13.”
Proverbs 21:21-23
He that followeth after righteousness and mercy findeth life, righteousness, and honour: promises what the wandering man of verse 16 forfeited, three rewards answering one pursuit. A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty pictures wisdom as a siege weapon stronger than the defended walls it is set against, strategy outperforming brute strength. Whoso keepeth his mouth and his tongue keepeth his soul from troubles closes the trio on the book's steady theme of controlled speech, a small discipline credited with guarding the whole person.
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:21, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:21
“He that followeth after righteousness and mercy,.... Is eager, diligent, and fervent in his pursuit of these things: "after righteousness"; not a legal righteousness, such as the Jews followed after, but did not attain to; because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law, Rom 9:31; by which there is no righteousness or justification before God; but an evangelical righteousness, the righteousness of Christ; see Isa 51:”
Proverbs 21:21
“The man who keeps “righteousness” will assuredly find it, but he will find besides it the “life” and the “honor” which he was not seeking. Compare 1Ki 3:13; Mat 6:33.”
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:22, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:22
"The wise person assaults strong cities and demolishes the fortifications in which the ungodly trusted." Do you think when Solomon said this he wanted to teach us that the wise person seized cities and demolished fortifications built from stones? Or, rather, is he indicating that the city and the walls are the doctrines of the ungodly and the syllogisms of philosophers, with which they augment every impiety that is contrary to the divine law and that is observed among pagans or barbarians?
Origen of Alexandria· third century· HOMILIES ON JOSHUA 18:3patristic
Proverbs 21:22
“A wise man scaleth the city of the mighty,.... Which makes good what is elsewhere said, that "wisdom is better than strength", Ecc 9:16; and sometimes more is done by prudence and wisdom, by art and cunning, by schemes and stratagems, than by power and force; especially in military affairs, and particularly in besieging and taking fortified cities; when one wise man, by his wisdom, may so order and manage things, as to be able, with a few under his command, to mount the walls of a city and take it, though defended by a mighty garrison in it.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:23, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:23
“Pambo said to Antony, 'What shall I do?' Antony said, 'Do not trust in your own righteousness. Do not go on sorrowing over a deed that is past. Keep your tongue and your belly under control.'”
Desert Fathers· fifth century· The Desert Fathers, Sayings of the Early Christian Monkspatristic
Proverbs 21:24-26
Proud and haughty scorner is his name: gives the arrogant man a title rather than a description, his own conduct having named him. The desire of the slothful killeth him, for his hands refuse to labour, sets craving without effort against the next verse's contrast. He coveteth greedily all the day long, but the righteous giveth and spareth not, wanting without working set beside giving without counting the cost, two appetites judged by what each is willing to do about itself.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:26, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:26
“All the day long - Better, every day. The wish of the slothful man passes into restless, covetous, dissatisfied desire; the righteous, free from that desire, gives without grudging.”
Proverbs 21:27-29
The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination: returns to verse 3's ground from the opposite direction, worship offered without obedience made worse rather than better when it is brought with a wicked mind. A false witness shall perish sets a liar's testimony against the man who heareth and speaketh constantly, truthful evidence outlasting the false report it corrects. The wicked man hardeneth his face closes the group on a picture of settled defiance, the upright directing his way while the wicked man only sets his.
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:27, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:27
For it is one thing to shew mercy on account of our sins; another thing to sin on account of shewing mercy; which can no longer indeed be called mercy, since it cannot grow into sweet fruit, being embittered by the poison of its pestiferous root. For hence it is that the Lord through the prophet rejects even sacrifices themselves, saying, "I the Lord love judgment, and I hate robbery in a whole burnt offering." Hence again He has said, "The sacrifices of the ungodly are abominable, which are offered of wickedness."
Gregory the Dialogist· seventh century· The Book of Pastoral Rule, Part 3, Chapter 21 (Admonition 22)patristic
Proverbs 21:27
“A lower depth even than Pro 15:8. The wicked man may connect his devotion with his guilt, offer his sacrifice and vow his vow (as men have done under paganism or corrupted Christianity) for success in the perpetration of a crime.”
Voices on this verse, 2What preachers and commentators have said about Proverbs 21:28, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:28
“The false witness will perish, etc. He who testifies that he serves God, but does not follow through with deeds, will perish. But he who faithfully, as he promises, submits to divine commands, his speech reaches victory, because while he strives through obedience to conquer …”
Bede· eighth century· Commentary on Proverbspatristic
Proverbs 21:28
Speaketh constantly - His testimony abides evermore who repeats simply what he has heard, whether from the lips of men or from the voice within, in contrast with “the false witness.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:29, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:29
“The impious man insolently stiffens his face, etc. Judas, because he was impious in heart, although reproved by the Lord himself, did not wish to restrain his evil beginnings; but Peter, because he was upright in heart, that is, a lover of uprightness, corrected himself …”
Bede· eighth century· Commentary on Proverbspatristic
Proverbs 21:30-31
There is no wisdom nor understanding nor counsel against the Lord: closes the chapter on the same sovereignty that opened it at verse 1, every human plan already accounted for by the will it cannot overrule. The horse is prepared against the day of battle, but safety is of the Lord makes the point concrete with the best weapon Solomon's world had, trained war-horses credited with nothing next to the God who decides the battle's outcome. Bridges reads the closing pair as the chapter's own summary, every proverb about kings, wisdom, and strength answering finally to the one line that outranks them all.
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:30, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:30
“Two companion proverbs. Nothing avails against, nothing without, God. The horse is the type of warlike strength, used chiefly or exclusively in battle. 1Ki 4:26; 1Ki 10:26-28, may be thought of as having given occasion to the latter of the two proverbs.”
Voices on this verse, 1What a preacher or commentator has said about Proverbs 21:31, in their own words.
Proverbs 21:31
“The horse is prepared against the day of battle - Horses were not used among the Jews before the time of Solomon. There was a Divine command against them, Deu 17:16; but Solomon transgressed it; see 1Ki 10:29. But he here allows that a horse is a vain thing for safety; and that however strong and well appointed cavalry may be, still safety, escape, and victory, are of the Lord.”
Adam Clarke· Commentary on the Bible (1810-1826)evangelical
Where the chapter sits
Proverbs 21 falls in Solomon's proverbs proper (chapters 10–24). Short antithetical and synonymous couplets; the core of the book's gnomic register. Ch 22:17–24:34 labeled ''words of the wise''.
Before it: Sayings of Solomon: long discourses, chapters 1–9. After it: Hezekiah's men: Solomon's proverbs copied, chapters 25–29.
The whole shape of Proverbs→Key words
The Hebrew words this chapter turns on, by how often it uses them. Each one opens its word study.
| Word | What it means | Verses |
|---|---|---|
| רָשָׁעrâshâʻ8 times, as רְשָׁעִ֣ים, רְשָׁעִ֥ים, רָ֭שָׁע | wicked | 4, 7, 10, 12 and 3 more |
| יְהֹוָהYᵉhôvâh5 times, as יְהוָ֑ה, יְהוָֽה׃, לַיהוָ֣ה | LORD | 1, 2, 3, 30 and 1 more |
| אִישׁʼîysh5 times, as אִ֭ישׁ, אִ֣ישׁ, וְאִ֥ישׁ | man | 2, 8, 17, 28 and 1 more |
| עָשָׂהʻâsâh5 times, as עֲ֭שֹׂה, לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת, עֲשׂ֣וֹת | to make | 3, 7, 15, 24 and 1 more |
| דֶּרֶךְderek4 times, as דֶּרֶךְ־, דֶּ֣רֶךְ, מִדֶּ֣רֶךְ | way | 2, 8, 16, 29 |
| יָשָׁרyâshâr4 times, as יָשָׁ֣ר, יָשָׁ֥ר, יְשָׁרִ֣ים | upright | 2, 8, 18, 29 |
Cross references
The 8 chapters this one speaks with, most first. Open a row for the verses it shares.
Proverbs 197 verses
Proverbs 21:28
Proverbs 19:5A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall not escape.Proverbs 21:14
Proverbs 19:6Many will intreat the favour of the prince: and every man is a friend to him that giveth gifts.Proverbs 21:28
Proverbs 19:9A false witness shall not be unpunished, and he that speaketh lies shall perish.Proverbs 21:9
Proverbs 19:13A foolish son is the calamity of his father: and the contentions of a wife are a continual dropping.Proverbs 21:30
Proverbs 19:21There are many devices in a man’s heart; nevertheless the counsel of the Lord, that shall stand.Proverbs 21:25
Proverbs 19:24A slothful man hideth his hand in his bosom, and will not so much as bring it to his mouth again.- Read Proverbs 19: 1 more there →
Proverbs 133 verses
Proverbs 21:23
Proverbs 13:3He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life: but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction.Proverbs 21:5, 25
Proverbs 13:4The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat.Proverbs 21:6
Proverbs 13:11Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that gathereth by labour shall increase.- Read Proverbs 13 →
Proverbs 163 verses
Proverbs 21:2
Proverbs 16:2All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes; but the Lord weigheth the spirits.Proverbs 21:1
Proverbs 16:9A man’s heart deviseth his way: but the Lord directeth his steps.Proverbs 21:2
Proverbs 16:25There is a way that seemeth right unto a man, but the end thereof are the ways of death.- Read Proverbs 16 →
Proverbs 103 verses
Proverbs 21:6
Proverbs 10:2Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but righteousness delivereth from death.Proverbs 21:5
Proverbs 10:4He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand: but the hand of the diligent maketh rich.Proverbs 21:15
Proverbs 10:29The way of the Lord is strength to the upright: but destruction shall be to the workers of iniquity.- Read Proverbs 10 →
The rest of the chapters this one speaks with, 4 of them, for a reader following a thread past the four above
- Proverbs 183 verses
- Proverbs 202 verses
- 1 John 22 verses
- Acts 52 verses
Cross-references from the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and OpenBible.info.
The world behind itThe place, the time and the people around this chapter, for a reader who wants the setting.
The world behind this chapter
Proverbs 21The history
"The king's heart is in the hand of the LORD, as the rivers of water: he turneth it whithersoever he will." The image is irrigation. In Egypt and Mesopotamia, and in the watered gardens of a royal estate, a man opened and closed channels with his foot or a hoe and sent the water where he wanted it. A king looks like the least steerable force in the world; the proverb says he is a channel.
"It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house." The flat roof was usable space, people slept, dried figs, and sat there in the evening, and a small shelter could be built in one corner. The proverb prefers that corner to a share of the main rooms.
"There is treasure to be desired and oil in the dwelling of the wise; but a foolish man spendeth it up." Oil was wealth you could store: pressed from olives in autumn, kept in jars, used for food, light, medicine, and trade. A wise household ended the year with jars still full.
"The horse is prepared against the day of battle: but safety is of the LORD." Solomon's Israel had chariot forces and horse trade on a scale the country had never seen. The proverb does not tell anyone to skip the preparation; it tells them where the outcome is decided.
What it meant to them
"To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice" repeats a theme the prophets would later shout. The sacrificial system was Israel's daily religious life, and the proverb ranks honest dealing above it.
For first hearers under a strong monarchy, the opening verse was strangely comforting. Whatever the palace decided this year, the channel was in another hand.
Sources cited
- John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
- Kenneth A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament
The text of this chapter
This page carries no textual note on Proverbs 21. Where this site has examined a place the manuscripts differ, the examination is in the manuscripts room. Every place this site examines →
This page draws on 15 works. Open for the list.
This page draws on Adam Clarke; Albert Barnes, Notes, Explanatory and Practical, on the Old and New Testaments (1832-1869); Apostolic Constitutions, CONSTITUTIONS OF THE HOLY APOSTLES; Athanasius of Alexandria, LETTER TO JOVIAN 56:1; Basil of Caesarea, ON MERCY AND JUSTICE; Bede, Commentary on Proverbs; Bonaventure, Collationes de Decem Praeceptis, Collation 1; Charles Bridges, An Exposition of the Book of Proverbs; Desert Fathers, The Desert Fathers, Sayings of the Early Christian Monks; Didache, The Didache, Chapter 2; Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Proverbs of Solomon; Gregory the Dialogist, The Book of Pastoral Rule, Part 3, Chapter 21 (Admonition 22); John Gill; Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible and Origen of Alexandria, HOMILIES ON JOSHUA 18:3.