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Hebrew noun (masculine) · H7998

שָׁלָל

shalalshaw-lawl'

spoil

73 uses in the Hebrew text, one for each word STEP Bible has tagged with this key

Concordance spelling: shâlâl

Word page · Part of the concordance, one page for every word of the Hebrew and Greek text. Strong's H7998is this word's number in James Strong's 1890 index of the King James Bible.

  • 19 of 39
    Old Testament books
  • 47
    spellings

The definition in full

Strong's key (1890) · H7998

booty

The King James renders it: prey, spoil.

James Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1890), public domain. Strong indexed the King James text, and this site quotes his entry as that index.

Summary

shalal is rendered "spoil". It stands 73 times in the Hebrew text, across nineteen books.

  • Ten of the uses stand in 1 Samuel, more than in any other book.
  • Its first use in canonical order opens the ledger below.Genesis 49:27Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning he devours the prey, in the evening he divides the plunder.”
  • The Greek text spells it forty-seven different ways.

The first use

Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning he devours the prey, in the evening he divides the plunder.”

Genesis 49:27שָׁלָֽל׃

The first use, in the order of the Old Testament's books.

Where the word stands

What the word means

Each meaning, and the words it is translated by

How the Greek text is glossed, word by word

  • plunder15
  • the plunder6
  • to plunder5
  • booty of4
  • the booty4
  • and booty of3
  • plunder its3
  • plunder of3
  • and plunder of2
  • and spoil their2
  • booty2
  • booty its2

and 18 more, 73 uses in all

The words built on the same word-part

Each word below begins with the same letters this one begins with. A shared word-part shows a family. It does not settle what any one of them means, so each word carries its own uses on its own page. Scholars call that shared part the stem.

שָׁלַחshalachto send: departUses845
שָׁלוֹשׁshaloshthreeUses432
שָׁלוֹםshalompeaceUses236
שָׁלַךְshalakto throwUses125
שָׁלַםshalamto completeUses116
שָׁלֵםshalemcompleteUses28
שָׁלַףshalaphto drawUses25
שָׁלִישׁshalishthirdUses20
שָׁלַלshalalto takeUses16
שָׁלַשׁshalashto do threeUses9
שָׁלֵוshalevat easeUses8
שָׁלַטshalatto domineerUses8

and 9 more on the stem.

All 73, in canonical order

Every use, in order

Every use, grouped by book, with its verse.

47 spellings and their grammar

STEP Bible tags every word of the Hebrew and Greek text with its spelling and its grammar. Both lists below count the rows printed underneath, written out in English, with the code beside each one as it was tagged.

How it is spelled

  • הַשָּׁלָ֖ל5
  • שָׁלָֽל׃5
  • וּשְׁלַ֥ל4
  • הַשָּׁלָ֔ל3
  • לְשָׁלָ֔ל3
  • שָׁלָ֥ל3
  • שָׁלָ֖ל3
  • שָׁלָל֙3
  • וּשְׁלָלָ֖ם2
  • לְשָׁלָ֑ל2
  • שְׁלַ֣ל2
  • שְׁלַ֥ל2

and 35 more spellings in the ledger below.

The grammar of each form

  • noun · masculine singular18HNcmsa
  • the definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singular10HTd/Ncmsa
  • noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)7HNcmsc
  • preposition + noun · masculine singular7HR/Ncmsa
  • conjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)5HC/Ncmsc
  • noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singular5HNcmsc/Sp3fs
  • conjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular3HC/Ncmsa
  • noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine plural3HNcmsc/Sp3mp
  • preposition + the definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singular3HR/Td/Ncmsa
  • conjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine plural2HC/Ncmsc/Sp3mp
  • noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine singular2HNcmsc/Sp3ms
  • preposition + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)2HR/Ncmsc

Genesis

one use
  • Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; in the morning he devours the prey, in the evening he divides the plunder.”

    Genesis 49:27

    • שָׁלָֽל׃shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder

Exodus

one use
  • The enemy declared, ‘I will pursue, I will overtake. I will divide the spoils; I will gorge myself on them. I will draw my sword; my hand will destroy them.’

    Exodus 15:9

    • שָׁלָ֑לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder

Numbers

two uses
  • and carried away all the plunder and spoils, both people and animals.

    Numbers 31:11

    • הַשָּׁלָ֔לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder
  • They brought the captives, spoils, and plunder to Moses, to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of Israel at the camp on the plains of Moab, by the Jordan across from Jericho.

    Numbers 31:12

    • הַשָּׁלָ֖לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder

Deuteronomy

six uses
  • We carried off for ourselves only the livestock and the plunder from the cities we captured.

    Deuteronomy 2:35

    • וּשְׁלַ֥לushelalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and booty of
  • But all the livestock and plunder of the cities we carried off for ourselves.

    Deuteronomy 3:7

    • וּשְׁלַ֥לushelalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and booty of
  • And you are to gather all its plunder in the middle of the public square, and completely burn the city and all its plunder as a whole burnt offering to the LORD your God. The city must remain a mound of ruins forever, never to be rebuilt.

    Deuteronomy 13:16

    • שְׁלָלָ֗הּshelalahnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singulartagged: plunder its
    • שְׁלָלָהּ֙shelalahnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singulartagged: plunder its
  • But the women, children, livestock, and whatever else is in the city—all its spoil—you may take as plunder, and you shall use the spoil of your enemies that the LORD your God gives you.

    Deuteronomy 20:14

    • שְׁלָלָ֖הּshelalahnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singulartagged: booty its
    • שְׁלַ֣לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: booty of

Joshua

five uses
  • When I saw among the spoils a beautiful cloak from Shinar, two hundred shekels of silver, and a bar of gold weighing fifty shekels, I coveted them and took them. They are hidden in the ground inside my tent, with the silver underneath.”

    Joshua 7:21

    • בַשָּׁלָ֡לvashalalpreposition with the article + noun · masculine singulartagged: among the booty
  • And you shall do to Ai and its king as you did to Jericho and its king, except that you may carry off their plunder and livestock for yourselves. Set up an ambush behind the city.”

    Joshua 8:2

    • שְׁלָלָ֥הּshelalahnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singulartagged: booty its
  • Israel took for themselves only the cattle and plunder of that city, as the LORD had commanded Joshua.

    Joshua 8:27

    • וּשְׁלַל֙ushelalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and booty of
  • The Israelites took for themselves all the plunder and livestock of these cities, but they put all the people to the sword until they had completely destroyed them, not sparing anyone who breathed.

    Joshua 11:14

    • שְׁלַ֞לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: booty of
  • saying, “Return to your homes with your great wealth, with immense herds of livestock, with silver, gold, bronze, iron, and very many clothes. Divide with your brothers the spoil of your enemies.”

    Joshua 22:8

    • שְׁלַל־shelal-noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: booty of

Judges

six uses
  • ‘Are they not finding and dividing the spoil—a girl or two for each warrior, a plunder of dyed garments for Sisera, the spoil of embroidered garments for the neck of the looter?’

    Judges 5:30

    • שָׁלָ֗לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
    • שְׁלַ֤לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: plunder of
    • שְׁלַ֥לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: plunder of
    • שָׁלָֽל׃shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • Then he added, “Let me make a request of you, that each of you give me an earring from his plunder.” (For the enemies had gold earrings because they were Ishmaelites.)

    Judges 8:24

    • שְׁלָל֑וֹshelalonoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine singulartagged: plunder his
  • “We will give them gladly,” they replied. So they spread out a garment, and each man threw an earring from his plunder onto it.

    Judges 8:25

    • שְׁלָלֽוֹ׃shelalonoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine singulartagged: plunder his

1 Samuel

ten uses
  • How much better it would have been if the troops had eaten freely today from the plunder they took from their enemies! Would not the slaughter of the Philistines have been much greater?”

    1 Samuel 14:30

    • מִשְּׁלַ֥לmishelalpreposition + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: any of plunder of
  • So they rushed greedily to the plunder, taking sheep, cattle, and calves. They slaughtered them on the ground and ate meat with the blood still in it.

    1 Samuel 14:32

    • הַשָּׁלָ֔לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder
  • So why did you not obey the LORD? Why did you rush upon the plunder and do evil in the sight of the LORD?”

    1 Samuel 15:19

    • הַשָּׁלָ֔לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder
  • The troops took sheep and cattle from the plunder, the best of the things devoted to destruction, in order to sacrifice them to the LORD your God at Gilgal.”

    1 Samuel 15:21

    • מֵהַשָּׁלָ֛לmehashalalpreposition + the definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: from the plunder
  • So he led David down, and there were the Amalekites spread out over all the land, eating, drinking, and celebrating the great amount of plunder they had taken from the land of the Philistines and the land of Judah.

    1 Samuel 30:16

    • הַשָּׁלָ֣לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder
  • Nothing was missing, young or old, son or daughter, or any of the plunder the Amalekites had taken. David brought everything back.

    1 Samuel 30:19

    • וּמִשָּׁלָ֔לumishalalconjunction (“and”) + preposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: and from booty
  • And he recovered all the flocks and herds, which his men drove ahead of the other livestock, calling out, “This is David’s plunder!”

    1 Samuel 30:20

    • שְׁלַ֥לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: booty of
  • but all the wicked and worthless men among those who had gone with David said, “Because they did not go with us, we will not share with them the plunder we recovered, except for each man’s wife and children. They may take them and go.”

    1 Samuel 30:22

    • מֵהַשָּׁלָ֖לmehashalalpreposition + the definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: any of the booty
  • When David arrived in Ziklag, he sent some of the plunder to his friends, the elders of Judah, saying, “Here is a gift for you from the plunder of the LORD’s enemies.”

    1 Samuel 30:26

    • מֵֽהַשָּׁלָ֛לmehashalalpreposition + the definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: some of the booty
    • מִשְּׁלַ֖לmishelalpreposition + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: from booty of

2 Samuel

three uses
  • Just then David’s soldiers and Joab returned from a raid, bringing with them a great plunder. But Abner was not with David in Hebron because David had sent him on his way in peace.

    2 Samuel 3:22

    • וְשָׁלָ֥לveshalalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: and plunder
  • from Edom and Moab, from the Ammonites and Philistines and Amalekites, and from the spoil of Hadadezer son of Rehob, king of Zobah.

    2 Samuel 8:12

    • וּמִשְּׁלַ֛לumishelalconjunction (“and”) + preposition + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and from plunder of
  • Then he took the crown from the head of their king. It weighed a talent of gold and was set with precious stones, and it was placed on David’s head. And David took a great amount of plunder from the city.

    2 Samuel 12:30

    • וּשְׁלַ֥לushelalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and plunder of

2 Kings

one use
  • “This is blood!” they exclaimed. “The kings have clashed swords and slaughtered one another. Now to the plunder, Moab!”

    2 Kings 3:23

    • לַשָּׁלָ֖לlashalalpreposition with the article + noun · masculine singulartagged: to the plunder

1 Chronicles

two uses
  • Then David took the crown from the head of their king. It was found to weigh a talent of gold and was set with precious stones, and it was placed on David’s head. And David took a great amount of plunder from the city.

    1 Chronicles 20:2

    • וּשְׁלַ֥לushelalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: and plunder of
  • They had dedicated some of the plunder from their battles to the repair of the house of the LORD.

    1 Chronicles 26:27

    • הַשָּׁלָ֖לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the plunder

2 Chronicles

eight uses
  • Then Asa and his army pursued them as far as Gerar. The Cushites fell and could not recover, for they were crushed before the LORD and His army. So the people of Judah carried off a great amount of plunder

    2 Chronicles 14:13

    • שָׁלָ֖לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: booty
  • At that time they sacrificed to the LORD seven hundred oxen and seven thousand sheep from all the plunder they had brought back.

    2 Chronicles 15:11

    • הַשָּׁלָ֖לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the booty
  • Then Jehoshaphat and his people went to carry off the plunder, and they found on the bodies an abundance of goods and valuables—more than they could carry away. They were gathering the plunder for three days because there was so much.

    2 Chronicles 20:25

    • שְׁלָלָם֒shelalamnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine pluraltagged: booty their
    • הַשָּׁלָ֖לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the booty
  • In the spring, the army of Aram went to war against Joash. They entered Judah and Jerusalem and destroyed all the leaders of the people, and they sent all the plunder to their king in Damascus.

    2 Chronicles 24:23

    • שְׁלָלָ֥םshelalamnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine pluraltagged: booty their
  • Then the Israelites took 200,000 captives from their kinsmen—women, sons, and daughters. They also carried off a great deal of plunder and brought it to Samaria.

    2 Chronicles 28:8

    • שָׁלָ֥לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: booty
    • הַשָּׁלָ֖לhashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the booty
  • Then the men who were designated by name arose, took charge of the captives, and provided from the plunder clothing for the naked. They clothed them, gave them sandals and food and drink, anointed their wounds, and put all the feeble on donkeys. So they brought them to Jericho, the City of Palms, to their brothers. Then they returned to Samaria.

    2 Chronicles 28:15

    • הַשָּׁלָל֒hashalalthe definite article (“the”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: the booty

Esther

two uses
  • And the letters were sent by couriers to each of the royal provinces with the order to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the Jews—young and old, women and children—and to plunder their possessions on a single day, the thirteenth day of Adar, the twelfth month.

    Esther 3:13

    • וּשְׁלָלָ֖םushelalamconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine pluraltagged: and spoil their
  • By these letters the king permitted the Jews in each and every city the right to assemble and defend themselves, to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the forces of any people or province hostile to them, including women and children, and to plunder their possessions.

    Esther 8:11

    • וּשְׁלָלָ֖םushelalamconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine pluraltagged: and spoil their

Psalms

two uses
  • “Kings and their armies flee in haste; she who waits at home divides the plunder.

    Psalms 68:12

    • שָׁלָֽל׃shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • I rejoice in Your promise like one who finds great spoil.

    Psalms 119:162

    • שָׁלָ֥לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: of plunder

Proverbs

three uses
  • We will find all manner of precious goods; we will fill our houses with plunder.

    Proverbs 1:13

    • שָׁלָֽל׃shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • It is better to be lowly in spirit among the humble than to divide the spoil with the proud.

    Proverbs 16:19

    • שָׁ֝לָ֗לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • The heart of her husband trusts in her, and he lacks nothing of value.

    Proverbs 31:11

    • וְ֝שָׁלָ֗לveshalalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: and gain

Isaiah

seven uses
  • For before the boy knows how to cry ‘Father’ or ‘Mother,’ the wealth of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried off by the king of Assyria.”

    Isaiah 8:4

    • שְׁלַ֣לshelalnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”)tagged: plunder of
  • You have enlarged the nation and increased its joy. The people rejoice before You as they rejoice at harvest time, as men rejoice in dividing the plunder.

    Isaiah 9:3

    • שָׁלָֽל׃shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • to deprive the poor of fair treatment and withhold justice from the oppressed of My people, to make widows their prey and orphans their plunder.

    Isaiah 10:2

    • שְׁלָלָ֔םshelalamnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person masculine pluraltagged: prey their
  • I will send him against a godless nation; I will dispatch him against a people destined for My rage, to take spoils and seize plunder, and to trample them down like clay in the streets.

    Isaiah 10:6

    • שָׁלָל֙shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • Your spoil, O nations, is gathered as by locusts; like a swarm of locusts men sweep over it.

    Isaiah 33:4

    • שְׁלַלְכֶ֔םshelalkhemnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 2nd person masculine pluraltagged: plunder your
  • Your ropes are slack; they cannot secure the mast or spread the sail. Then an abundance of spoils will be divided, and even the lame will carry off plunder.

    Isaiah 33:23

    • שָׁלָל֙shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • Therefore I will allot Him a portion with the great, and He will divide the spoils with the strong, because He has poured out His life unto death, and He was numbered with the transgressors. Yet He bore the sin of many and made intercession for the transgressors.

    Isaiah 53:12

    • שָׁלָל֒shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder

Jeremiah

six uses
  • Whoever stays in this city will die by sword and famine and plague, but whoever goes out and surrenders to the Chaldeans who besiege you will live; he will retain his life like a spoil of war.

    Jeremiah 21:9

    • לְשָׁלָֽל׃leshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: to plunder
  • “This is what the LORD says: Whoever stays in this city will die by sword and famine and plague, but whoever surrenders to the Chaldeans will live; he will retain his life like a spoil of war, and he will live.

    Jeremiah 38:2

    • לְשָׁלָ֖לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: to plunder
  • For I will surely rescue you so that you do not fall by the sword. Because you have trusted in Me, you will escape with your life like a spoil of war, declares the LORD.’”

    Jeremiah 39:18

    • לְשָׁלָ֔לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: to plunder
  • But as for you, do you seek great things for yourself? Stop seeking! For I will bring disaster on every living creature, declares the LORD, but wherever you go, I will grant your life as a spoil of war.”

    Jeremiah 45:5

    • לְשָׁלָ֔לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: to plunder
  • Their camels will become plunder, and their large herds will be spoil. I will scatter to the wind in every direction those who shave their temples; I will bring calamity on them from all sides,” declares the LORD.

    Jeremiah 49:32

    • לְשָׁלָ֔לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: into plunder
  • Chaldea will be plundered; all who plunder her will have their fill,” declares the LORD.

    Jeremiah 50:10

    • לְשָׁלָ֑לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: into plunder

Ezekiel

five uses
  • And I will hand these things over as plunder to foreigners and loot to the wicked of the earth, who will defile them.

    Ezekiel 7:21

    • לְשָׁלָ֑לleshalalpreposition + noun · masculine singulartagged: to plunder
  • Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: I will give the land of Egypt to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, who will carry off its wealth, seize its spoil, and remove its plunder. This will be the wages for his army.

    Ezekiel 29:19

    • שְׁלָלָהּ֙shelalahnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singulartagged: plunder its
  • in order to seize the spoil and carry off the plunder, to turn a hand against the desolate places now inhabited and against a people gathered from the nations, who have acquired livestock and possessions and who live at the center of the land.’

    Ezekiel 38:12

    • שָׁלָ֖לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • Sheba and Dedan and the merchants of Tarshish with all its villages will ask, ‘Have you come to capture the plunder? Have you assembled your hordes to carry away loot, to make off with silver and gold, to take cattle and goods, to seize great spoil?’

    Ezekiel 38:13

    • שָׁלָל֙shalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
    • שָׁלָ֥לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder

Daniel

one use
  • In a time of peace, he will invade the richest provinces and do what his fathers and forefathers never did. He will lavish plunder, loot, and wealth on his followers, and he will plot against the strongholds—but only for a time.

    Daniel 11:24

    • וְשָׁלָ֛לveshalalconjunction (“and”) + noun · masculine singulartagged: and booty

Zechariah

two uses
  • I will surely wave My hand over them, so that they will become plunder for their own servants. Then you will know that the LORD of Hosts has sent Me.”

    Zechariah 2:9

    • שָׁלָ֖לshalalnoun · masculine singulartagged: plunder
  • Behold, a day of the LORD is coming when your plunder will be divided in your presence.

    Zechariah 14:1

    • שְׁלָלֵ֖ךְshelalekhnoun · masculine singular · in construct (“…of”) + pronoun suffix · 2nd person feminine singulartagged: plunder your

The letters

Where it leads

How the numbers are counted

Every count on this page comes from STEP Bible's tagged Hebrew and Greek text, the same text the ledger prints. A use is counted once each time the tagging marks a word with this key.

Spellings are counted as the Greek text spells them, with the sentence's own punctuation taken off the word first, so a form that ends a clause is not counted as a second spelling.

The words it stands beside are the nouns, verbs and adjectives immediately before or after it, counted in every verse where the word stands. The article, the conjunctions and the prepositions are left out, because they stand beside every word.

The family is read from the lexicon by the stem the two words share, with the accents off, and a person or a place named on the stem is left out.

Hebrew and Greek text, word tagging and grammar: STEP Bible (www.STEPBible.org), Tyndale House, CC BY 4.0. Their grammar codes are written out in English here and shown as tagged beside each one.

Meaning and senses: STEP Bible TBESH gloss (Tyndale House, CC BY 4.0).

Dictionary key: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (1890, public domain). English verse text: Berean Standard Bible (public domain, 2023).

Revised 2026-09-05. Every cited work, the sources registry →