Word Study · Strong's H7185 · Hebrew
קָשָׁה
qashah
kaw-shaw'
Strong's 1890 spelling: qâshâh
“properly, to be dense, i.e. tough or severe (in various applications)”
Strong's Dictionary · 1890 · public domain
properly, to be dense, i.e. tough or severe (in various applications)
Rendered in the KJV as
be cruel, be fiercer, make grievous, be ((ask a), be in, have, seem, would) hard(-en, (labour), -ly, thing), be sore, (be, make) stiff(-en, (-necked)).
- 28occurrencesin the Old Testament
- 14 of 39Old Testament bookswhere the word stands
- 22inflected formsdistinct spellings
Across 28 occurrences
The word itself
Inflected forms · 22
- וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙4
- הִקְשָׁ֣ה3
- יִקְשֶׁ֣ה2
- אַקְשֶׁ֖ה1
- בְהַקְשֹׁתָ֖הּ1
- הִקְשָׁה֩1
- הִקְשָׁ֥ה1
- הִקְשׁ֖וּ1
- הִקְשׁוּ֙1
- הִקְשִׁ֣יתָ1
- וַיִּ֙קֶשׁ֙1
- וַיֶּ֤קֶשׁ1
and 10 more spellings in the ledger below.
How it is rendered · 21
- and they stiffened5
- he made hard2
- it is hard2
- you harden2
- [one who] hardens1
- and [one who] hardens1
- and he made stiff1
- and it was hard1
- and she had difficulties1
- hard pressed1
- has he shown stubbornness1
- he had made stubborn1
The sense the word carries at each spot — how the translators read it there, not a fixed translation.
How it parses · 15
- Hc/Vhw3mp5
- verb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person masculine singular5
- verb · causative (hiphil), ongoing or future action · 2nd person masculine plural3
- verb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person common plural2
- verb · simple (qal), ongoing or future action · 3rd person masculine singular2
- verb · simple (qal), completed action · 3rd person feminine singular2
- conjunction (“and”) + verb · causative (hiphil), participle (“the one who…”) · masculine singular1
- Hc/Vhw3ms1
- Hc/Vpw3fs1
- Hc/Vqw3ms1
- preposition + verb · causative (hiphil), infinitive (“to…”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singular1
- verb · causative (hiphil), ongoing or future action · 1st person common singular1
Show the grammar codes as tagged
- Hc/Vhw3mp · 5
- HVhp3ms · 5
- HVhi2mp · 3
- HVhp3cp · 2
- HVqi3ms · 2
- HVqp3fs · 2
- HC/Vhrmsa · 1
- Hc/Vhw3ms · 1
- Hc/Vpw3fs · 1
- Hc/Vqw3ms · 1
- HR/Vhcc/Sp3fs · 1
- HVhi1cs · 1
All 28, in canonical order
The ledger of occurrences
Where this word lives
- Deuteronomy4 of 28 · 14%
- Genesis3 of 28 · 11%
- 2 Chronicles3 of 28 · 11%
- Nehemiah3 of 28 · 11%
- Jeremiah3 of 28 · 11%
Deuteronomy carries the most and opens below; every other book is one click.
Genesis3 occurrences
- Genesis 35:16וַתְּקַ֥שׁvatekashHc/Vpw3fsLater, they set out from Bethel, and while they were still some distance from Ephrath, Rachel began to give birth, and her labor was difficult.here: and she had difficulties
- Genesis 35:17בְהַקְשֹׁתָ֖הּvehakshotahpreposition + verb · causative (hiphil), infinitive (“to…”) + pronoun suffix · 3rd person feminine singularDuring her severe labor, the midwife said to her, “Do not be afraid, for you are having another son.”here: when had difficulties she
- Genesis 49:7קָשָׁ֑תָהkashatahverb · simple (qal), completed action · 3rd person feminine singularCursed be their anger, for it is strong, and their wrath, for it is cruel! I will disperse them in Jacob and scatter them in Israel.here: it is hard
Exodus2 occurrences
- Exodus 7:3אַקְשֶׁ֖הʾakshehverb · causative (hiphil), ongoing or future action · 1st person common singularBut I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will multiply My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt,here: I will make stubborn
- Exodus 13:15הִקְשָׁ֣הhikshahverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person masculine singularAnd when Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let us go, the LORD killed every firstborn in the land of Egypt, both of man and beast. This is why I sacrifice to the LORD the firstborn male of every womb, but I redeem all the firstborn of my sons.’here: he made stubborn
Deuteronomy4 occurrences
- Deuteronomy 1:17יִקְשֶׁ֣הyikshehverb · simple (qal), ongoing or future action · 3rd person masculine singularShow no partiality in judging; hear both small and great alike. Do not be intimidated by anyone, for judgment belongs to God. And bring to me any case too difficult for you, and I will hear it.”here: it will be [too] hard
- Deuteronomy 2:30הִקְשָׁה֩hikshahverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person masculine singularBut Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass through, for the LORD your God had made his spirit stubborn and his heart obstinate, that He might deliver him into your hand, as is the case this day.here: he had made stubborn
- Deuteronomy 10:16תַקְשׁ֖וּtakshuverb · causative (hiphil), ongoing or future action · 2nd person masculine pluralCircumcise your hearts, therefore, and stiffen your necks no more.here: you will make stiff
- Deuteronomy 15:18יִקְשֶׁ֣הyikshehverb · simple (qal), ongoing or future action · 3rd person masculine singularDo not regard it as a hardship to set your servant free, because his six years of service were worth twice the wages of a hired hand. And the LORD your God will bless you in all you do.here: it will be hard
2 Kings2 occurrences
- 2 Kings 2:10הִקְשִׁ֣יתָhikshitaverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 2nd person masculine singular“You have requested a difficult thing,” said Elijah. “Nevertheless, if you see me as I am taken from you, it will be yours. But if not, then it will not be so.”here: you have made difficult
- 2 Kings 17:14וַיַּקְשׁ֤וּvaiyakshuHc/Vhw3mpBut they would not listen, and they stiffened their necks like their fathers, who did not believe the LORD their God.here: and they stiffened
2 Chronicles3 occurrences
- 2 Chronicles 10:4הִקְשָׁ֣הhikshahverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person masculine singular“Your father put a heavy yoke on us. But now you should lighten the burden of your father’s service and the heavy yoke he put on us, and we will serve you.”here: he made hard
- 2 Chronicles 30:8תַּקְשׁ֥וּtakshuverb · causative (hiphil), ongoing or future action · 2nd person masculine pluralNow do not stiffen your necks as your fathers did. Submit to the LORD and come to His sanctuary, which He has consecrated forever. Serve the LORD your God, so that His fierce anger will turn away from you.here: you harden
- 2 Chronicles 36:13וַיֶּ֤קֶשׁvaiyekeshHc/Vhw3msHe also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him swear by God. But Zedekiah stiffened his neck and hardened his heart against turning to the LORD, the God of Israel.here: and he made stiff
Nehemiah3 occurrences
- Nehemiah 9:16וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙vaiyakshuHc/Vhw3mpBut they and our fathers became arrogant and stiff-necked and did not obey Your commandments.here: and they stiffened
- Nehemiah 9:17וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙vaiyakshuHc/Vhw3mpThey refused to listen and failed to remember the wonders You performed among them. They stiffened their necks and appointed a leader to return them to their bondage in Egypt. But You are a forgiving God, gracious and compassionate, slow to anger and rich in loving devotion, and You did not forsake them.here: and they stiffened
- Nehemiah 9:29הִקְשׁ֖וּhikshuverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person common pluralYou admonished them to turn back to Your law, but they were arrogant and disobeyed Your commandments. They sinned against Your ordinances, by which a man will live if he practices them. They stubbornly shrugged their shoulders; they stiffened their necks and would not obey.here: they stiffened
Proverbs2 occurrences
- Proverbs 28:14וּמַקְשֶׁ֥הumakshehconjunction (“and”) + verb · causative (hiphil), participle (“the one who…”) · masculine singularBlessed is the man who is always reverent, but he who hardens his heart falls into trouble.here: and [one who] hardens
- Proverbs 29:1מַקְשֶׁה־maksheh-verb · causative (hiphil), participle (“the one who…”) · masculine singularA man who remains stiff-necked after much reproof will suddenly be shattered beyond recovery.here: [one who] hardens
Jeremiah3 occurrences
- Jeremiah 7:26וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙vaiyakshuHc/Vhw3mpYet they would not listen to Me or incline their ear, but they stiffened their necks and did more evil than their fathers.here: and they stiffened
- Jeremiah 17:23וַיַּקְשׁוּ֙vaiyakshuHc/Vhw3mpYet they would not listen or incline their ear, but they stiffened their necks and would not listen or receive My discipline.here: and they stiffened
- Jeremiah 19:15הִקְשׁוּ֙hikshuverb · causative (hiphil), completed action · 3rd person common plural“This is what the LORD of Hosts, the God of Israel, says: ‘Behold, I am about to bring on this city and on all the villages around it every disaster I have pronounced against them, because they have stiffened their necks so as not to heed My words.’”here: they have stiffened