Primasius of Hadrumetum

Primasius was bishop of Hadrumetum, a coastal city in the African province of Byzacena — modern Sousse in Tunisia — in the middle of the sixth century. He was in office by 535 and died about 560. His career ran straight through the Three Chapters controversy, the last great convulsion of the ancient church in the West. The emperor Justinian, trying to reconcile the churches that had rejected Chalcedon, condemned three long-dead Antiochene authors — Theodore of Mopsuestia, and certain writings of Theodoret of Cyrus and Ibas of Edessa. The African bishops regarded this as an attack on Chalcedon itself and on the principle that a dead man who died in the church's peace cannot be tried. They resisted almost to a man. Primasius was summoned to Constantinople with Verecundus of Junca to represent Byzacena, arriving in 551. He held out with his colleagues for a time. Under sustained imperial pressure — and after Pope Vigilius himself gave way — Primasius eventually subscribed to the condemnation. The African sources treat that as a fall; the historian Victor of Tunnuna, who suffered exile rather than sign, records it bitterly and says Primasius was rewarded with the primacy of his province. He went home to a church that did not want him. What outlived the politics was his book. Primasius wrote a five-book commentary on the Apocalypse, and it is the most important Latin exposition of Revelation between Victorinus of Pettau in the third century and Bede in the eighth. He did not invent his reading. He drew heavily on two earlier Africans: Augustine, and — remarkably — the Donatist layman Tyconius, whose commentary on Revelation was lost and survives largely through what Primasius and others quoted. Primasius says plainly that he took what was sound from a man on the wrong side of a schism and left the rest. Scholars reconstructing Tyconius depend on him for it. The reading itself is the one Augustine had made standard in the West: the thousand years is the age of the church between the first and second comings, not a future earthly kingdom; the beast, the harlot, and the two witnesses are read as the church's present enemies and present witness rather than as a calendar of events. That interpretation, carried by Primasius into the medieval commentaries — Bede used him, and Beatus of Liébana copied him at length — held the field in Western Europe for a thousand years. A commentary on the letters of Paul also circulated under his name; modern editors generally judge it not to be his. Sources: Primasius, Commentarius in Apocalypsin (Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 92); Victor of Tunnuna, Chronicle; Isidore of Seville, De viris illustribus; Kenneth B. Steinhauser, The Apocalypse Commentary of Tyconius (for the transmission of Tyconius).