Alcuin of York

Alcuin was born in Northumbria about 735, the year Bede died, and was educated at the cathedral school of York under Archbishop Ecgbert — Bede's own pupil. York had one of the best libraries in Europe, and Alcuin eventually ran the school and the library both. He wrote a long poem listing the books on its shelves, which is now our best evidence for what an eighth-century English library actually held. In 781, travelling home from Rome, he met Charlemagne at Parma. The king asked him to come and take charge of education in the Frankish kingdom. Alcuin went. What followed is usually called the Carolingian renaissance, and Alcuin was its schoolmaster. He ran the palace school at Aachen, teaching the king, the king's sons and daughters, and the young nobles of the court. Charlemagne could read but never learned to write well; he kept a tablet under his pillow to practice. Alcuin taught him grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy — the seven liberal arts — and he wrote textbooks on them, mostly as dialogues between master and pupil. He pushed for schools attached to every cathedral and monastery in the empire, and Charlemagne's capitularies ordered it. That decree is the root of the European school system. He was put in charge of correcting the Latin Bible. Centuries of copying had introduced thousands of errors and variant readings into Jerome's Vulgate. Alcuin's revision, produced at Tours, became the standard text across the empire and lies behind most later medieval Bibles. He also revised the lectionary and the sacramentary, standardizing what was read and prayed across an enormous territory. He argued with the king, and sometimes won. When Charlemagne conquered the Saxons and enforced conversion at the point of the sword, with the death penalty for refusing baptism, Alcuin objected in writing: faith is a matter of will, not compulsion; a man may be forced to the font but not to belief. He also pleaded, repeatedly, for mercy toward the defeated and against the death penalty. He led the opposition to the Spanish Adoptionist teaching, and he wrote to Charlemagne after the Vikings sacked Lindisfarne in 793 — one of the earliest and most anguished descriptions of the Norse raids. In 796 he was made abbot of St. Martin at Tours, where he built up the scriptorium that produced some of the finest manuscripts of the age and helped establish the clear Carolingian minuscule script that our lowercase letters descend from. He died at Tours on 19 May 804. Sources: Alcuin, Letters and The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York; Einhard, Life of Charlemagne; Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. IV; The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).