Provenance
The Sources
Every work a page or a note on this site leans on stands here, with its author, its year and its terms. The works are grouped by the period they were written in, and alphabetically by author inside each period. The undated works and the data sets stand at the foot.
- 695Works on the shelfplus 19 data sets
- 545Authors cited
- 146Free to read in fullpublic domain
Summary
Each row names what kind of source it is, so an ancient witness and a modern study never read as the same weight. A work cited in more than one place stands once, with its citations folded under it.
- 695 works stand here, cited 799 times across the site.
- 146 of them are public domain, so you can read them in full for nothing.
- 40 were written before AD 500, and 460 from 1950 onward.
- 80 carry no date on the record and stand in their own section.
The people behind these works have their own pages. Read the 32 voices this site quotes.
The Ancient Church
to AD 500 · 40 works- A Plea for the ChristiansAthenagorasc. 177ancient witnesspublic domain
- City of GodAugustine of Hippoc. 417ancient witnesspublic domaincited three times in this registry
- Homilies (Tractates) on the Gospel of JohnAugustine of Hippoc. 407-417ancient witnesspublic domain
- Berakhot 4bBabylonian Talmudc. 500primary textpublic domain
- b. Nedarim 32aBabylonian Talmud / Genesis Rabbah (via Sefaria)c. 3rd-6th c. ADprimary textpublic domain
- HexaemeronBasil of Caesareac. 378ancient witnesspublic domain
- 1 ClementClement of Romec. 96ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- AnnalsCornelius Tacitusc. AD 116 / trans. 1876ancient witnesspublic domain
- Epistle 62.3 (to Caecilius)Cyprian of Carthagec. 250-256ancient witnesspublic domain
- Second Temple messianic reading of GenDead Sea Scrolls (4Q252, 4Q174 Florilegium, 4Q175 Testimonia)c. 1st c. BCprimary textpublic domain
- Epistle of BarnabasEpistle of Barnabasc. 70-132ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Church HistoryEusebius of Caesareac. 320ancient witnesspublic domain
- Antiquities of the JewsFlavius Josephusc. AD 93 / trans. 1737ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Against HeresiesIrenaeus of Lyonsc. AD 180ancient witnesspublic domaincited five times in this registry
- Homilies on the Gospel of John 85 (NPNF ser. 1 vol 14)John Chrysostomc. 391ancient witnesspublic domain
- Epistle to AristidesJulius Africanus (in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History I.7)c. 225 (NPNF trans. 1890)ancient witnesspublic domain
- Dialogue with TryphoJustin Martyrc. AD 160ancient witnesspublic domaincited three times in this registry
- De Re RusticaLucius Columellac.60ancient witnesspublic domain
- Genesis RabbahMidrash (amoraic compilation)c. 400-450primary textpublic domain
- SukkahMishnahc. AD 200primary textpublic domain
- On the TrinityNovatianc. 250ancient witnesspublic domain
- Against Celsus (ANF vol 4)Origenc. 248ancient witnesspublic domain
- Commentary and Homilies on the Song of SongsOrigenc. AD 240ancient witnesspublic domain
- Commentary on the Gospel of JohnOrigenc. 231ancient witnesspublic domain
- On the Embassy to Gaius (Legatio ad Gaium)Philo of Alexandriac. AD 41 / trans. 1854ancient witnesspublic domain
- LettersPliny the Youngerc. AD 112 / trans. 1746ancient witnesspublic domain
- 'The whole world is not worth the day on which the Song of Songs was given to Israel... the Song of Songs is the Holy of Holies'Rabbi Akiva (Mishnah Yadayim 3:5)c. 2nd c. AD; Danby tr. 1933primary textpublic domain
- Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Nero 16.2Suetoniusc. AD 121 / trans. 1914ancient witnesspublic domain
- Bava Batra 14b-15aTalmud Bavli (William Davidson ed., Sefaria)c. AD 500 / Sefaria ed.primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Isaiah 9:6 ('the Messiah'), Isaiah 11:1 ('the Messiah shall be anointed' from Jesse)Targum Jonathan on the Prophetsredacted c. 4th-5th c. ADprimary textpublic domain
- Aramaic Targum on the TorahTargum Onkelosc. 2nd c. (Talmudic-era redaction)primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Genesis 49:10 ('until the Messiah come, whose is the kingdom') and GenesisTargum Onkelos (Aramaic; Etheridge tr.)c. 1st-3rd c. AD; Etheridge tr. 1862primary textpublic domain
- Expansive Targum on the TorahTargum Pseudo-Jonathanfinal form 7th-8th c.primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Numbers 24:17 ('the Messiah, the Power-sceptre of Israel') and GenesisTargum Pseudo-Jonathan (Aramaic; Etheridge tr.)redacted c. 4th-7th c. AD; Etheridge tr. 1862primary textpublic domain
- Allegory of Israel's covenant history from the Exodus through exile to the Messianic ageTargum to the Song of Songs (Aramaic; Gollancz tr.)redacted c. 7th-8th c. AD; Gollancz tr. 1908primary textpublic domain
- Against PraxeasTertullianc. 213ancient witnesspublic domain
- On BaptismTertullianc. 200ancient witnesspublic domain
- On the Apparel of WomenTertullianc. 202ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- To AutolycusTheophilus of Antiochc. 180ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Middot: Hillel's seven (t. Sanhedrin 7:11)Tosefta / Sifra / Avot de-Rabbi Nathantannaitic (1st-3rd c.)ancient witnessPublic domain
The Middle Ages
500 to 1500 · 3 worksThe Reformation and the Puritans
1500 to 1750 · 18 works- Geneva Bible marginal notesGeneva Bible translation team (Whittingham, Gilby, Goodman, Sampson; Junius on Rev.)1560 (expanded 1599)studypublic domain
- Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione ChristiHugo Grotius1617studypublic domain
- Annales Veteris Testamenti, a prima mundi origine deductiJames Ussher1650studypublic domain
- UranometriaJohann Bayer1603reference workpublic domain
- Commentaries (Calvin Translation Society: Genesis, Psalms, Isaiah, Gospels, Acts, Romans, Epistles, Hebrews)John Calvin1540s originals / CTS trans. 1843-1855commentarypublic domain
- Commentary on GenesisJohn Calvin1554commentarypublic domain
- Institutes of the Christian ReligionJohn Calvin1559studypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- An Exposition of the Book of Solomon's SongJohn Gill1728commentarypublic domain
- Types of the MessiahJonathan Edwards1740s (posthumous)studypublic domain
- Commentary on GalatiansMartin Luther1535 lectures / Graebner abridgmentcommentarypublic domain
- Commentary on GenesisMartin Luther1535-45 lectures / trans. c.1858commentarypublic domain
- Table TalkMartin Lutherrecorded 1531-44 / trans. 1857studypublic domain
- The Bondage of the WillMartin Luther1525 / trans. 1823studypublic domain
- Commentary on the Whole BibleMatthew Henry1706commentarypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Complete Commentary on the Whole BibleMatthew Henry1706-1721commentarypublic domain
- Annotations upon the Holy BibleMatthew Poole1685commentarypublic domain
- Primary source for every count in this lensThe biblical text (KJV 1769; ASV 1901; World English Bible)1611/1769/1901/1997primary textpublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assembly1646studypublic domaincited twice in this registry
The Modern Era
1750 to 1950 · 77 works- Tractate BerakotA. Cohen1921commentarypublic domain
- The Study of the TypesAda R. Habershon1898modern studypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Notes on the BibleAlbert Barnes1834commentarypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- The Quest of the Historical JesusAlbert Schweitzer1906modern studypublic domain
- The Life and Times of Jesus the MessiahAlfred Edersheim1883modern studypublic domaincited six times in this registry
- The Temple: Its Ministry and Services as They Were at the Time of Jesus ChristAlfred Edersheim1874modern studypublic domain
- The Law of the OfferingsAndrew Jukes1854modern studypublic domain
- The Types in GenesisAndrew Jukes1858modern studypublic domain
- The Siloam InscriptionArchibald H. Sayce; Hermann Guthe1881/1882primary textpublic domain
- Nineveh and Its RemainsAusten Henry Layard1849/1853modern studypublic domain
- The 'Five Books' of Matthew Against the Jews (The Expositor)Benjamin W. Bacon1918/1930modern studypublic domain
- The New Testament in the Original GreekBrooke Foss Westcott & Fenton John Anthony Hort1881reference workpublic domain
- Biblical Commentary on the OTC. F. Keil & F. Delitzsch1866commentarypublic domain
- Scofield Reference BibleC. I. Scofield1909modern studypublic domain
- The Chaldee Paraphrase on the Prophet IsaiahC. W. H. Pauli (trans.)1871modern studypublic domain
- Commentary on GenesisCambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges1882commentarypublic domain
- La stele de Mesa, roi de MoabCharles Clermont-Ganneau1870/1887primary textpublic domain
- Une stele du Temple de JerusalemCharles Clermont-Ganneau1872primary textpublic domain
- A Commentary on the Epistle to the EphesiansCharles Hodge1856commentarypublic domain
- The Treasury of DavidCharles Spurgeon1885modern studypublic domain
- The Song of Songs (Historical and Critical CommentaryChristian D. Ginsburg1857commentarypublic domain
- The Annals of SennacheribDaniel D. Luckenbill1924modern studypublic domain
- Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual SignificanceE. W. Bullinger1894modern studypublic domain
- The Companion BibleE. W. Bullinger1922reference workpublic domain
- The Witness of the StarsE. W. Bullinger1893modern studypublic domain
- Dictionnaire de la BibleF. Vigouroux (ed.)1895-1912modern studypublic domain
- MazzarothFrances Rolleston1862modern studypublic domain
- Commentary on the Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes (the mediating 'typical' readingFranz Delitzsch1885 (ET)commentarypublic domain
- The Kingdom of God and the ChurchGeerhardus Vos1903modern studypublic domain
- The Historical Geography of the Holy LandGeorge Adam Smith1894modern studypublic domain
- The Old Testament in Greek According to the SeptuagintH. B. Swete (ed.)1909primary textpublic domain
- Code of Hammurabi, prologueHammurabi (L. W. King, trans.)1910modern studypublic domain
- An Introduction to the Old Testament in GreekHenry Barclay Swete1900modern studypublic domain
- Schoepfung und Chaos in Urzeit und EndzeitHermann Gunkel1895modern studypublic domain
- Introduction to Psalms: The Genres of the Religious Lyric of IsraelHermann Gunkel (completed by Joachim Begrich)1933 (ET 1998, trans. Nogalski)modern studypublic domain
- ISBE, entries 'Sacrifice' / 'Atonement' / 'Offerings'International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Orr, ed.)1915modern studypublic domain
- The Jewish Encyclopedia: 'Talmud Hermeneutics', 'Midrash', 'Gematria'Isidore Singer et al. (eds.)1901-1906primary textpublic domain
- The Heptadic Structure of ScriptureIvan Panin1923modern studypublic domain
- The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel on the PentateuchJ. W. Etheridge1862-1865modern studypublic domain
- Expository Thoughts on the GospelsJ.C. Ryle1856modern studypublic domain
- International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, entries Scarlet / Colors / WormJames Orr (ed.)1915modern studypublic domain
- TheophanyJames Orr et al.1915modern studypublic domain
- The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. PaulJames Smith1848modern studypublic domain
- Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, H4216James Strong1890reference workpublic domain
- Strong's H8615 tiqvah (cord + hopeJames Strong / Brown-Driver-Briggs1890 / 1906modern studypublic domain
- Hapax LegomenaJewish Encyclopedia1906modern studypublic domain
- Names of GodJewish Encyclopedia1906modern studypublic domain
- Parallelism in Hebrew PoetryJewish Encyclopedia1906modern studypublic domain
- AcrosticsJewish Encyclopedia (eds. Singer et al.)1906modern studypublic domain
- Hapax Legomena (incl. Saadia Gaon's treatise on ~90 rare wordsJewish Encyclopedia (eds. Singer et al.)1906modern studypublic domain
- ParonomasiaJewish Encyclopedia (Funk & Wagnalls)1901-1906modern studypublic domain
- The Holy Scriptures: A New TranslationJewish Publication Society1917modern studypublic domain
- Jesus' Proclamation of the Kingdom of GodJohannes Weiss1892modern studypublic domain
- Explanatory Notes upon the New TestamentJohn Wesley1755commentarypublic domain
- The Gospel in the StarsJoseph A. Seiss1882modern studypublic domain
- The Code of HammurabiL.W. King (translator)1915modern studypublic domain
- The Seven Tablets of CreationL.W. King (translator)1902modern studypublic domain
- A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bavli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic LiteratureMarcus Jastrow1903primary textpublic domain
- Works of Martin LutherMartin Luther1915-1932 ed.modern studypublic domain
- Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, art. 'Genealogy of Jesus Christ'McClintock, J. & Strong, J.1867-1887modern studypublic domain
- The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark's MonasteryMillar Burrows (ed.)1950primary textpublic domain
- Nave's Topical Bible: A Digest of the Holy ScripturesOrville J. Nave1896modern studypublic domain
- Bible NumericsOswald T. Allis1944modern studypublic domaincited four times in this registry
- The Typology of ScripturePatrick Fairbairn1845-1847modern studypublic domaincited five times in this registry
- Ante-Nicene Fathers (10 vols) and Nicene and Post-Nicene FathersPhilip Schaff & Henry Wace (eds.)1885-1900modern studypublic domain
- The Epic of GilgamishR. Campbell Thompson (translator)1928modern studypublic domain
- The Book of EnochR. H. Charles1917modern studypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- The Book of JubileesR. H. Charles1913modern studypublic domain
- The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old TestamentR. H. Charles (ed.)1913modern studypublic domaincited three times in this registry
- Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the HebrewsRobert Lowth1753/1787commentarypublic domain
- Hitchcock's Bible Names DictionaryRoswell D. Hitchcock1869reference workpublic domain
- The Septuagint Version of the Old TestamentSir Lancelot C. L. Brenton1851primary textpublic domain
- The Septuagint with Apocrypha: Greek and EnglishSir Lancelot C. L. Brenton (tr.)1851primary textpublic domain
- Six Temples at ThebesW.M. Flinders Petrie & Wilhelm Spiegelberg1897primary textpublic domain
- Gesenius' Hebrew GrammarWilhelm Gesenius (Kautzsch/Cowley ed.)1910reference workpublic domain
- TypeWilliam G. Moorehead1915modern studypublic domain
- Atlas of Ancient Geography, Biblical and ClassicalWilliam Smith1874reference workpublic domain
The Present Era
1950 to today · 5 works- Lexicon G5457 phosBlue Letter Bible2026reference workpublic domain
- DSM Directive (EU) 2019/790, Art. 14European Union2019modern studypublic domain
- Covenant Forms in Israelite TraditionGeorge E. Mendenhall1954modern studypublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Open Scriptures Hebrew BibleOpenScriptures / biblicalhumanities2019modern studypublic domain
- Sefaria-Export LICENSE.mdSefaria (contributors)2026modern studypublic domain
