Provenance
The Sources
Every work a page or a note on this site leans on stands here, with its author, its year and its terms. The works are grouped by the period they were written in, and alphabetically by author inside each period. The undated works and the data sets stand at the foot.
- 695Works on the shelfplus 19 data sets
- 545Authors cited
- 146Free to read in fullpublic domain
Summary
Each row names what kind of source it is, so an ancient witness and a modern study never read as the same weight. A work cited in more than one place stands once, with its citations folded under it.
- 695 works stand here, cited 799 times across the site.
- 146 of them are public domain, so you can read them in full for nothing.
- 40 were written before AD 500, and 460 from 1950 onward.
- 80 carry no date on the record and stand in their own section.
The people behind these works have their own pages. Read the 32 voices this site quotes.
The Ancient Church
to AD 500 · 40 works- A Plea for the ChristiansAthenagorasc. 177ancient witnesspublic domain
- City of GodAugustine of Hippoc. 417ancient witnesspublic domaincited three times in this registry
- Homilies (Tractates) on the Gospel of JohnAugustine of Hippoc. 407-417ancient witnesspublic domain
- Berakhot 4bBabylonian Talmudc. 500primary textpublic domain
- b. Nedarim 32aBabylonian Talmud / Genesis Rabbah (via Sefaria)c. 3rd-6th c. ADprimary textpublic domain
- HexaemeronBasil of Caesareac. 378ancient witnesspublic domain
- 1 ClementClement of Romec. 96ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- AnnalsCornelius Tacitusc. AD 116 / trans. 1876ancient witnesspublic domain
- Epistle 62.3 (to Caecilius)Cyprian of Carthagec. 250-256ancient witnesspublic domain
- Second Temple messianic reading of GenDead Sea Scrolls (4Q252, 4Q174 Florilegium, 4Q175 Testimonia)c. 1st c. BCprimary textpublic domain
- Epistle of BarnabasEpistle of Barnabasc. 70-132ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Church HistoryEusebius of Caesareac. 320ancient witnesspublic domain
- Antiquities of the JewsFlavius Josephusc. AD 93 / trans. 1737ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Against HeresiesIrenaeus of Lyonsc. AD 180ancient witnesspublic domaincited five times in this registry
- Homilies on the Gospel of John 85 (NPNF ser. 1 vol 14)John Chrysostomc. 391ancient witnesspublic domain
- Epistle to AristidesJulius Africanus (in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History I.7)c. 225 (NPNF trans. 1890)ancient witnesspublic domain
- Dialogue with TryphoJustin Martyrc. AD 160ancient witnesspublic domaincited three times in this registry
- De Re RusticaLucius Columellac.60ancient witnesspublic domain
- Genesis RabbahMidrash (amoraic compilation)c. 400-450primary textpublic domain
- SukkahMishnahc. AD 200primary textpublic domain
- On the TrinityNovatianc. 250ancient witnesspublic domain
- Against Celsus (ANF vol 4)Origenc. 248ancient witnesspublic domain
- Commentary and Homilies on the Song of SongsOrigenc. AD 240ancient witnesspublic domain
- Commentary on the Gospel of JohnOrigenc. 231ancient witnesspublic domain
- On the Embassy to Gaius (Legatio ad Gaium)Philo of Alexandriac. AD 41 / trans. 1854ancient witnesspublic domain
- LettersPliny the Youngerc. AD 112 / trans. 1746ancient witnesspublic domain
- 'The whole world is not worth the day on which the Song of Songs was given to Israel... the Song of Songs is the Holy of Holies'Rabbi Akiva (Mishnah Yadayim 3:5)c. 2nd c. AD; Danby tr. 1933primary textpublic domain
- Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Nero 16.2Suetoniusc. AD 121 / trans. 1914ancient witnesspublic domain
- Bava Batra 14b-15aTalmud Bavli (William Davidson ed., Sefaria)c. AD 500 / Sefaria ed.primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Isaiah 9:6 ('the Messiah'), Isaiah 11:1 ('the Messiah shall be anointed' from Jesse)Targum Jonathan on the Prophetsredacted c. 4th-5th c. ADprimary textpublic domain
- Aramaic Targum on the TorahTargum Onkelosc. 2nd c. (Talmudic-era redaction)primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Genesis 49:10 ('until the Messiah come, whose is the kingdom') and GenesisTargum Onkelos (Aramaic; Etheridge tr.)c. 1st-3rd c. AD; Etheridge tr. 1862primary textpublic domain
- Expansive Targum on the TorahTargum Pseudo-Jonathanfinal form 7th-8th c.primary textpublic domain
- Targum on Numbers 24:17 ('the Messiah, the Power-sceptre of Israel') and GenesisTargum Pseudo-Jonathan (Aramaic; Etheridge tr.)redacted c. 4th-7th c. AD; Etheridge tr. 1862primary textpublic domain
- Allegory of Israel's covenant history from the Exodus through exile to the Messianic ageTargum to the Song of Songs (Aramaic; Gollancz tr.)redacted c. 7th-8th c. AD; Gollancz tr. 1908primary textpublic domain
- Against PraxeasTertullianc. 213ancient witnesspublic domain
- On BaptismTertullianc. 200ancient witnesspublic domain
- On the Apparel of WomenTertullianc. 202ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- To AutolycusTheophilus of Antiochc. 180ancient witnesspublic domaincited twice in this registry
- Middot: Hillel's seven (t. Sanhedrin 7:11)Tosefta / Sifra / Avot de-Rabbi Nathantannaitic (1st-3rd c.)ancient witnessPublic domain
