Shenoute the Archimandrite

Shenoute was born about 348 in Upper Egypt and led the White Monastery at Atripe, near Panopolis, for something like eighty years. The Coptic tradition says he lived to be a hundred and eighteen and died about 465. The extreme old age is uncertain; the length of his rule is not, and it is the longest of any monastic superior on record. He entered the monastery as a boy under his uncle Pgol, and took over about 385. Under him it grew into one of the largest monastic federations in the world — the sources speak of thousands of monks and nuns across several settlements, farming, weaving, and building. The great stone church he raised at the White Monastery is still standing. He governed with a severity that shocks modern readers and did not much trouble his own. He wrote rules covering every part of the day and enforced them personally, including corporal punishment; in one letter he defends beating a monk who had persisted in theft, and he recounts a case where a man died some time after a beating. He expelled members. He wrote scorching letters to the women's community — which he supervised at a distance through a female superior — about quarrels, favouritism, and concealment. Nothing in the record suggests he thought a monastery was a gentle place. He was also, by every account, the protector of the poor of his district. The monastery took in refugees by the thousands during the raids of desert nomads — one of his own accounts speaks of feeding and housing twenty thousand people for three months. He denounced local landowners by name for stealing from peasants, went to court against them, and used the monastery's grain to keep villages alive in famine. He fought paganism hand to hand. Panopolis still had functioning temples and a wealthy pagan gentry, and Shenoute led monks in raids on shrines, smashing images and burning books. He broke into the house of a leading pagan and removed the idols, and defended the act in writing on the ground that there is no theft in taking what belongs to devils. In 431 he went to the Council of Ephesus in the party of Cyril of Alexandria, and Coptic sources say he intervened physically in the proceedings. That trip made him famous outside Egypt. His writings — sermons, letters, canons, and treatises, thousands of pages once, now surviving in thousands of scattered manuscript leaves being reassembled by scholars — are written in Sahidic Coptic, and they are the reason he matters for the language. Before him Coptic was mostly a vehicle for translations from Greek. Shenoute wrote original literature in it, at length and with real power, and Coptic scholars regard him as the greatest writer the language ever had. The Coptic Orthodox Church honours him as a saint and keeps his memory in its liturgy. Sources: Shenoute, Canons and Discourses (in the ongoing critical editions of the Corpus dei Manoscritti Copti Letterari; English selections in Selected Discourses of Shenoute the Great, trans. David Brakke and Andrew Crislip); Besa, The Life of Shenoute (Cistercian Studies 73); Stephen Emmel, Shenoute's Literary Corpus.