Joel, James Tissot, 1902. Public domain.
Old Testament · Book 29 of 66
Joel
Joel describes a plague of locusts in Judah and calls the people to return to the LORD. He foretells the day of the LORD and God pouring out his Spirit on all people, words Peter quoted at Pentecost.
Joel describes a plague of locusts in Judah and calls the people to return to the LORD. He foretells the day of the LORD and God pouring out his Spirit on all people, words Peter quoted at Pentecost.
What is Joel about?
Joel tells how a swarm of locusts stripped Judah and what the LORD said through it. The prophet calls the elders, the priests and all the people to fast and cry out, because the Day of the LORD is near. In chapter 2 an army like locusts comes, and the LORD says, “return to Me with all your heart” (2:12). He pities his land, sends grain and rain, and restores the years the locusts ate. Then he promises to pour out his Spirit on all people. In chapter 3 he judges the nations in the valley of decision and dwells in Zion.
All 3 chapters
Every chapter of the book, in one grid. Each cell opens that chapter.
- The locustsJoel 1
- The Spirit poured outJoel 2
- The valley of decisionJoel 3
The colour is the movement of the book the chapter stands in, and every cell opens that chapter's Study level. The Hebrew text divides Joel into four chapters, as Biblia Hebraica and the Jewish Publication Society's Tanakh print it: the promise of the Spirit that closes English chapter 2 is Hebrew chapter 3, and English chapter 3 is Hebrew chapter 4.
Who wrote it, where, when, for whom, and why?
The book names its writer in its first verse: the word of the LORD came to Joel son of Pethuel (1:1). It says nothing more of him. At Pentecost Peter names him as the prophet Joel and reads his words to the crowd (Acts 2:16).
This is the word of the LORD that came to Joel son of Pethuel:
Joel 1:1, Berean Standard Bible.
The book stands in Judah and Jerusalem. The elders and all who live in the land are called to the house of the LORD (1:14), the ram's horn is blown in Zion (2:1), and the priests weep between the portico and the altar (2:17). The last chapter gathers the nations to the Valley of Jehoshaphat (3:2) and names Tyre, Sidon and Philistia (3:4), Egypt and Edom (3:19).
The book names no king and dates no event. The house of the LORD stands and its grain and drink offerings are brought until the locusts cut them off (1:9, 1:13). The last chapter speaks of Judah's people scattered among the nations and sold to the Greeks (3:2, 3:6). How these facts date the book is set out under Where do readers disagree.
The book speaks to the elders and all who dwell in the land (1:2), to the drunkards (1:5), to the farmers and vinedressers (1:11) and to the priests (1:13). The fast gathers everyone, from the aged to the children nursing at the breast, the bridegroom and the bride (2:16). The elders are to tell it to their children, and their children to the next generation (1:3).
The book says why the LORD acts: so that his people will know that he is present in Israel, that he is the LORD their God and there is no other (2:27), and that he dwells in Zion (3:17). It calls them to return to him with all their heart (2:12).
Then you will know that I am present in Israel and that I am the LORD your God, and there is no other. My people will never again be put to shame.
Joel 2:27, Berean Standard Bible.
Judah is a land of grain fields, vines, fig trees, orchards and flocks, watered by the autumn and spring rains (1:10 to 12, 2:23). The house of the LORD keeps its grain and drink offerings (1:9). Its neighbours Tyre, Sidon and Philistia carried off silver and gold to their temples (3:5), and Egypt and Edom shed innocent blood in Judah (3:19).
Sources. Joel 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:10 to 12, 1:11, 1:13, 1:14, 2:1, 2:12, 2:16, 2:17, 2:23, 2:27, 3:2, 3:4, 3:5, 3:6, 3:17, 3:19; Acts 2:16. Every verse is read in the Berean Standard Bible.
How is Joel arranged, and what is it for?
The three movements the book falls into, then what it teaches and what it was written to do.
- The locustsJoel 1, 20 verses, the turn at 1:14
Four locusts strip the land, the offerings stop, and the prophet calls a fast.
- The Spirit poured outJoel 2, 32 verses, the turn at 2:28
An army like locusts, the call to rend the heart, the years restored and the Spirit on all people.
- The valley of decisionJoel 3, 21 verses, the turn at 3:14
The nations gathered to the Valley of Jehoshaphat, the sickle, and the LORD dwelling in Zion.
The theme
The Day of the LORD runs through the book. The locusts are that day come near as ruin, and the prophet reads the stripped fields as its warning. The call to return is given while the day still threatens, on the ground of what the LORD is like: gracious and compassionate, slow to anger. After the turn the same day becomes a promise, with the Spirit poured out before it, the nations judged in it and Zion kept.
The purpose
Joel was written to call a ruined people back to the LORD with all their heart, and to tell the next generation what he did. It shows them a God who relents and repays what was lost, and it promises his Spirit on sons and daughters, old and young, servants and maids. It leaves them with the LORD dwelling in Zion, which is where Amos, next in the Hebrew order, takes up his roar.
The Day of the LORD in its five places
A threat
Alas for the day! For the Day of the LORD is near, and it will come as destruction from the Almighty.
The day is near, and it comes as destruction from the Almighty.
A threat
Blow the ram’s horn in Zion; sound the alarm on My holy mountain! Let all who dwell in the land tremble, for the Day of the LORD is coming; indeed, it is near—
The ram's horn sounds in Zion because the day is coming.
- “Yet even now” … “return to Me”Joel 2:12 to 14, the turn
A call
The LORD raises His voice in the presence of His army. Indeed, His camp is very large, for mighty are those who obey His command. For the Day of the LORD is great and very dreadful. Who can endure it?
The day is great and dreadful, and the next verse calls the people to return.
A promise
The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and awesome Day of the LORD.
The signs in the sky come before the day, and the next verse saves all who call.
A promise
Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the Day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision.
The day is near in the valley of decision, where the nations are judged and Zion kept.
The locusts, Joel 1 The Spirit poured out, Joel 2 The valley of decision, Joel 3
The locusts, Joel 1
What the text says in this chapter of 20 verses, and the pages it opens on.
The word of the LORD comes to Joel, and he asks the elders whether anything like this has happened in their days. What one locust left, the next has eaten, four in turn. A nation has come on the land with the teeth of a lion, stripping the vine and the fig tree white. The grain, the new wine and the oil fail, the farmers and vinedressers wail, and the grain and drink offerings are cut off from the house of the LORD. The prophet calls the priests to put on sackcloth, to consecrate a fast and gather everyone to cry out, because the Day of the LORD is near. The chapter ends with his own prayer as fire burns the pastures and the streams dry up.
Consecrate a fast; proclaim a solemn assembly! Gather the elders and all the residents of the land to the house of the LORD your God, and cry out to the LORD.
- Study
Joel 1Four locusts eat the land, the offerings stop, and the elders are called to fast and cry out.Show the summary and 5 pagesShow summary, 5 pagesHide the summary
A locust plague so total it becomes revelation. 'What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust has eaten; what the swarming locust has left, the young locust has eaten' (1:4): four waves, nothing remaining. Joel summons everyone in turn: old men, has this been in your days? drunkards, weep, for the new wine is cut off; priests, gird yourselves with sackcloth, for the meal-offering and drink-offering are cut off from the house of Jehovah. Vine withered, fig-tree languishing, seed rotting under the clods, cattle groaning for want of pasture. And through the stripped fields Joel sees further: 'the Day of the LORD is near, and it will come as destruction from the Almighty.'
On this chapter (5)
- The Day of the LORD
The day the prophets announce, near and still to come.
- Fasting
Fasting in Scripture and in the life of the church.
- Are the locusts of chapter 1 insects, an army, or both?
Answered under Where do readers disagree, lower on this page, with each reading and who holds it.
- When was Joel written, before the exile or after?
Answered under Where do readers disagree, lower on this page, with each reading and who holds it.
- Joel 1:14
The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.
- The Day of the LORD
Four locusts that ate the land, and the same four in the promise
Joel 1:4, what the locusts ate
Characters (4)
Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.
- Joel son of Pethuel
The prophet to whom the word of the LORD came (1:1); Scripture tells nothing more of him.
- The elders
Called first to hear and to gather the people to the house of the LORD (1:2, 1:14).
- The drunkards
Told to wake and weep, because the sweet wine is cut off (1:5).
- The priests
They mourn because the grain and drink offerings are cut off (1:9, 1:13).
Places (2)
Where the chapter stands.
- The house of the LORD
Where the offerings stop and the fast is called (1:9, 1:14).
- The land of Judah
Its vines, fig trees, fields and pastures stripped (1:7, 1:10 to 12, 1:18 to 20).
Themes (3)
What the chapter raises, each on its own page where one stands.
- The locust
Four names for the swarm that ate the land (1:4).
- Fasting and return
The fast and the solemn assembly (1:14).
- The Day of the LORD
Near, and coming as destruction from the Almighty (1:15).
Where the New Testament uses these chapters (0 quotations, 0 allusions)No New Testament passage quotes or names these chapters.
No New Testament passage quotes or names Joel 1. Peter names the prophet when he quotes the next chapter.
The Spirit poured out, Joel 2
What the text says in this chapter of 32 verses, and the pages it opens on.
The ram's horn sounds in Zion because the day is coming, a day of darkness and gloom. A great army like horses runs over the mountains, scales the walls and enters the houses, and the LORD raises his voice at its head. Yet even now the LORD calls his people to return with all their heart and to rend their hearts rather than their garments, because he is gracious and compassionate. A fast is called and the priests pray. Then the LORD becomes jealous for his land and spares his people. He drives the northern army away, sends the autumn and spring rains and repays the years the locusts ate. Afterward he will pour out his Spirit on all people, show wonders in the heavens before the great day, and save everyone who calls on his name.
And afterward, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions.
- Study
Joel 2An army sounds the alarm, the LORD calls his people to return, restores the years and pours out his Spirit.Show the summary and 6 pagesShow summary, 6 pagesHide the summary
'Blow the ram’s horn in Zion', the locust army becomes the army of the day of Jehovah, a day of darkness and gloominess, of clouds and thick darkness. Before them the land is as the garden of Eden, behind them a desolate wilderness; they climb the wall and enter the windows like a thief, while sun and moon darken and the stars withdraw their shining. Then the great summons: 'rend your hearts and not your garments, and return to the LORD your God. For He is gracious and compassionate' (2:13). God answers: 'I will repay you for the years eaten by locusts' (2:25), and then, 'I will pour out My Spirit on all people' (2:28), the prophecy Peter reads over Pentecost.
On this chapter (6)
- Repentance
Turning back to God, the call of the prophets.
- The Spirit in the Old Testament
How the Spirit comes on people before Pentecost.
- The three Pentecosts
Acts 2, 10 and 19, where the Spirit is poured out.
- Did Pentecost fulfil Joel 2, and what of the signs of 2:30 to 31?
Answered under Where do readers disagree, lower on this page, with each reading and who holds it.
- Why do the Hebrew and English chapters differ?
Answered under Where do readers disagree, lower on this page, with each reading and who holds it.
- Joel 2:28
The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.
- Repentance
Joel 2:28 to 32 beside Acts 2:17 to 21
Joel, the promise
Acts, Peter quoting it
And afterward, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your old men will dream dreams, your young men will see visions.
‘In the last days, God says, I will pour out My Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams.
Quotation. Peter reads Joel's "afterward" as "in the last days".
Even on My menservants and maidservants, I will pour out My Spirit in those days.
Even on My menservants and maidservants I will pour out My Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy.
Quotation. Peter adds that they will prophesy.
I will show wonders in the heavens and on the earth, blood and fire and columns of smoke.
I will show wonders in the heavens above and signs on the earth below, blood and fire and billows of smoke.
Quotation. Peter sets the wonders above and signs below.
The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and awesome Day of the LORD.
The sun will be turned to darkness, and the moon to blood, before the coming of the great and glorious Day of the Lord.
Quotation. The sun and the moon, before the day.
And everyone who calls on the name of the LORD will be saved; for on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there will be deliverance, as the LORD has promised, among the remnant called by the LORD.
And everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.’
Quotation. Peter ends the quotation at "will be saved".
Characters (2)
Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.
- The priests
They weep between the portico and the altar and pray for the people (2:17).
- Sons and daughters, old and young
All on whom the Spirit is poured, the servants among them (2:29).
Places (2)
Where the chapter stands.
- Zion
Where the ram's horn sounds and deliverance stands (2:1, 2:15, 2:32).
- The Eastern and Western Seas
Where the northern army is driven (2:20).
Themes (3)
What the chapter raises, each on its own page where one stands.
- The Day of the LORD
Great and very dreadful, and after the signs, great and awesome (2:11, 2:31).
- Repentance
Rend your hearts and not your garments (2:13).
- The Spirit poured out
On all people, sons and daughters, old and young.
Where the New Testament uses these chapters (2 quotations, 2 allusions)
- Explicit quotationJoel 2:28 to 32 at Acts 2:17 to 21. Peter reads the whole passage at Pentecost and says that what the crowd sees and hears is what Joel spoke of. The words are reproduced and introduced as spoken through the prophet Joel (Acts 2:16); the site's table of quotations marks it one.
- Explicit quotationJoel 2:32 at Romans 10:13. Paul quotes the verse to say there is no difference between Jew and Greek in calling on the Lord. The words are reproduced; the site's table of quotations marks it one.
- Probable allusionJoel 2:10 and 2:31 at Matthew 24:29. Jesus speaks of the sun darkened, the moon without light and the stars falling after the tribulation. The picture is carried without Joel's words or a citation formula; the site's cross-references hold the link.
- Probable allusionJoel 2:10 and 2:31 at Revelation 6:12. At the sixth seal the earth quakes, the sun turns black and the whole moon becomes like blood. The picture is carried without a citation formula; the site's cross-references hold the link.
The valley of decision, Joel 3
What the text says in this chapter of 21 verses, and the pages it opens on.
When the LORD restores Judah and Jerusalem, he gathers all the nations to the Valley of Jehoshaphat and enters into judgment with them for scattering his people, dividing his land and selling boys and girls. He charges Tyre, Sidon and Philistia with taking his silver and gold and selling Judah's people to the Greeks. The nations are called to war and to beat their plowshares into swords. The sickle is swung because the harvest is ripe, and multitudes stand in the valley of decision. The sun and moon grow dark, the LORD roars from Zion and is a refuge for his people, and a spring flows from his house to the Valley of Acacias. Egypt and Edom become desolate, and the LORD dwells in Zion.
Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision! For the Day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision.
- Study
Joel 3The nations are judged in the Valley of Jehoshaphat, and the LORD dwells in Zion.Show the summary and 4 pagesShow summary, 4 pagesHide the summary
The verdict scene. 'In those days… I will gather all nations, and will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat.' The charges are specific: they scattered his people, parted his land, cast lots for his people, sold a boy for a harlot and a girl for wine; Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia trafficked Judah's children. The nations are summoned to arm ('beat your plowshares into swords') and answer to their own destruction: 'Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision!' Jehovah roars from Zion, yet is a refuge to his people. A fountain flows from his house; Judah abides for ever, 'for Jehovah dwelleth in Zion.'
On this chapter (4)
- The Day of the LORD
The day the prophets announce, near and still to come.
- Zion and Jerusalem
The city where the LORD dwells, in both Testaments.
- Where is the valley of Jehoshaphat?
Answered under Where do readers disagree, lower on this page, with each reading and who holds it.
- Joel 3:14
The verse on its own page, with the commentators on it by era.
- The Day of the LORD
Plowshares into swords, and swords into plowshares
Isaiah, the promise
Then He will judge between the nations and arbitrate for many peoples. They will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will no longer take up the sword against nation, nor train anymore for war.
The nations beat their swords into plowshares when the LORD judges between them.
Micah, the promise
Then He will judge between many peoples and arbitrate for strong nations far and wide. Then they will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will no longer take up the sword against nation, nor will they train anymore for war.
Micah gives the same promise in nearly the same words.
Joel, the valley of decision
Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning hooks into spears. Let the weak say, ‘I am strong!’
Joel runs the words backward: the nations beat plowshares into swords for the valley.
Characters (2)
Who the text names. A name with a page carries its door.
- The nations
Gathered to the valley to be judged for scattering Israel (3:2, 3:12).
- Tyre, Sidon and Philistia
They took the LORD's silver and gold and sold Judah's people to the Greeks (3:4 to 6).
Places (4)
Where the chapter stands.
- The Valley of Jehoshaphat
Where the LORD sits to judge the nations (3:2, 3:12).
- The Valley of Acacias
Shittim, watered by the spring from the house of the LORD (3:18).
- Egypt and Edom
Made desolate for the violence done to Judah (3:19).
- Zion
Where the LORD dwells, his holy mountain (3:17, 3:21).
Themes (3)
What the chapter raises, each on its own page where one stands.
- Judgment on the nations
The sickle and the winepress, for their wickedness is great (3:13).
- The Day of the LORD
Near in the valley of decision (3:14).
- The remnant
The LORD a refuge for his people (3:16).
Where the New Testament uses these chapters (0 quotations, 1 allusion)
- Probable allusionJoel 3:13 at Revelation 14:15 to 19. An angel swings the sickle because the harvest is ripe, and the grapes are thrown into the winepress of God's wrath. The sickle, the ripe harvest and the winepress are Joel's pictures in Joel's order, without a citation formula; the site's cross-references hold the link.
- Author
- Joel son of Pethuel (1:1)
- Date
- Disputed, proposals range from 9th c. BC (early pre-exilic) to post-exilic 5th c. BC; the book itself is undated
- Audience
- Judah and Jerusalem
Where do readers disagree?
One list: the readings with their holders, and what the evidence does not settle.
When was Joel written, before the exile or after?
- Before the exile, in the ninth century BC. Held by E. B. Pusey, The Minor Prophets: A Commentary (1860), and by Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Minor Prophets (1868).
- After the exile, in the fifth or fourth century BC. Held by Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (1977), and by Leslie C. Allen, The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah (1976).
- The date cannot be fixed. Held by Duane A. Garrett, Hosea, Joel (1997).
What the evidence does not settle: Whether a king left unnamed means there was none, and whether the Greeks of 3:6 point late or only to traders known long before the exile.
The argument in full
Before the exile, in the ninth century BC. The book stands between Hosea and Amos in the Hebrew order, names Tyre, Sidon and Philistia as the enemies rather than Assyria or Babylon, and has elders and priests acting with no king, which suits the years when Joash was a boy under the priest Jehoiada.
After the exile, in the fifth or fourth century BC. No king is named because Judah had none, 3:1 and 3:2 speak of a scattering that has already happened, 3:6 names the Greeks, and the temple stands with its priests and elders as in the Persian province.
The date cannot be fixed. Every argument on either side rests on what the book leaves out, and the book's message does not depend on its date.
The Hebrew order of the Twelve puts Joel second, between Hosea and Amos; the Greek order puts it fourth, after Micah. The early date leans on the Hebrew order, and the Greek order shows that not every early reader placed it there.
Are the locusts of chapter 1 insects, an army, or both?
- Real locusts in both chapters. Held by John Calvin, Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets (1559).
- An army, with the locusts as its figure. Held by Douglas Stuart, Hosea to Jonah (1987), in the Word Biblical Commentary.
- A real plague, then a greater army it announces. Held by Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (1977).
What the evidence does not settle: Whether 1:6 calls the locusts a nation as a figure or names a nation outright, and what the northern army of 2:20 was.
The argument in full
Real locusts in both chapters. The four names of 1:4 are insect words, and at 2:25 the LORD calls the locusts his great army, so the military language of chapter 2 is a figure for the swarm.
An army, with the locusts as its figure. A nation has invaded the land (1:6), the northern army of 2:20 is driven away, and the prophets describe armies as locusts elsewhere.
A real plague, then a greater army it announces. Chapter 1 reports the swarm that came, and the trumpet of 2:1 turns to the day it warns of, which is why the language grows rather than repeats.
Did Pentecost fulfil Joel 2, and what of the signs of 2:30 to 31?
Prophecy as a Gift Today→- Pentecost began it, and the signs belong to the end. Held by Craig S. Keener, Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (2012), and by Wayne Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today (1988).
- Pentecost began it, and the signs were given in that generation. Held by F. F. Bruce, The Book of the Acts (1954).
What the evidence does not settle: When the signs of 2:30 and 31 are given; both readings hold that the Spirit poured out at Pentecost is still being poured out.
The argument in full
Pentecost began it, and the signs belong to the end. Peter reads Joel's afterward as the last days, extends the promise to all whom God calls (Acts 2:39), and the gifts of the Spirit run on through the rest of the New Testament; the signs in the sky come before the great day.
Pentecost began it, and the signs were given in that generation. The darkness at the cross and the fall of Jerusalem are read as the wonders in the heavens and on the earth, and the outpouring goes on from that day.
Where is the valley of Jehoshaphat?
The Day of the LORD→- A name for the judgment, not a place on a map. Held by Leslie C. Allen, The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah (1976).
- The Kidron valley east of Jerusalem. Held by Eusebius, Onomasticon, in the English edition The Place Names of Divine Scripture (2005), and by the pilgrim tradition after him.
- Named for King Jehoshaphat's victory. Held by Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Minor Prophets (1868).
What the evidence does not settle: Whether Joel meant a place at all; the Chronicler calls the place of Jehoshaphat's victory the Valley of Beracah (2 Chronicles 20:26).
The argument in full
A name for the judgment, not a place on a map. No valley has the name anywhere else in the Old Testament, the name means the LORD judges, and 3:14 gives the same place a second name, the valley of decision.
The Kidron valley east of Jerusalem. The tradition set the name on the ravine between the city and the Mount of Olives, where tombs later carried the names of Jehoshaphat and Absalom.
Named for King Jehoshaphat's victory. The name recalls the valley where Judah watched the LORD defeat the nations without a battle (2 Chronicles 20).
Why do the Hebrew and English chapters differ?
- Four chapters, the Hebrew division. Kept by Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica (1906) and its successors, and by the Jewish Publication Society, Tanakh (1985).
- Three chapters, the Latin division. Kept by Stephen Langton's chapter division of the Latin Vulgate (about 1205), followed by the King James Version (1611) and the Berean Standard Bible.
What the evidence does not settle: Nothing in the words: the text is the same in both, and only the numbers differ, so a reader of a Hebrew text or a Jewish translation finds the promise of the Spirit cited as 3:1 to 5.
The argument in full
Four chapters, the Hebrew division. English 2:28 to 32 is Hebrew chapter 3, and English chapter 3 is Hebrew chapter 4, so the promise of the Spirit stands as a chapter of its own.
Three chapters, the Latin division. The promise of the Spirit closes chapter 2, joined to the restoration that comes before it.
The pages Joel opens on
Studies31
- The Day of the LORD
- Fasting
- Repentance
- The Spirit in the Old Testament
- The Three Pentecosts
- Baptism in the Holy Spirit
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Words7
Sources for this page
The painting in the band is Joel, James Tissot, 1902. Public domain. The movements, the chapter entries, the figures and the Context are read off the text of Joel, and every count on the page is counted in the Berean text. The New Testament uses are marked from the site's tables of quotations and cross-references. The works behind the readings under Where do readers disagree are John Calvin, Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets (1559); E. B. Pusey, The Minor Prophets: A Commentary (1860); Carl Friedrich Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Minor Prophets (1868); Rudolf Kittel, Biblia Hebraica (1906); F. F. Bruce, The Book of the Acts (1954); Leslie C. Allen, The Books of Joel, Obadiah, Jonah and Micah (1976); Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (1977); the Jewish Publication Society, Tanakh (1985); Douglas Stuart, Hosea to Jonah (1987); Wayne Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today (1988); Duane A. Garrett, Hosea, Joel (1997); Craig S. Keener, Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (2012); Eusebius, Onomasticon, in the English edition The Place Names of Divine Scripture (2005); and Stephen Langton's chapter division of the Latin Vulgate. Every verse quoted on this page is the Berean Standard Bible.