The Evidence
Philosophical Arguments
Cosmological, teleological, moral, and ontological frameworks
The Contingency Argument (Leibniz)
high confidenceCosmological
The contingency argument, classically associated with Leibniz, reasons that contingent things require an explanation that must terminate in a necessary being — one that contains the reason for its own existence; this necessary being is what classical theism identifies as God.
The Minimal Facts Resurrection Argument
high confidenceHistorical-Apologetics
Gary Habermas's minimal facts argument rests on historical data that even critical non-Christian scholars accept — Jesus' death by crucifixion, the disciples' sincere belief in post-resurrection appearances, and the transformation of Paul and James — and evaluates competing explanations for these facts.
The Moral Argument for God's Existence
high confidenceEthics
The existence of objective moral values and duties points to a transcendent moral lawgiver.
The Problem of Evil: Christian Responses
high confidenceTheodicy
The existence of evil and suffering is the strongest objection to belief in God, and Christianity has developed multiple robust responses.
The Ontological Argument (Anselm, Plantinga)
medium confidenceOntological
Anselm's ontological argument contends that a being than which none greater can be conceived must exist in reality, not merely in the mind; Alvin Plantinga's modal reformulation shows that if a maximally great being is even possible, it exists.