In his 1957 book Science Speaks, mathematician and astronomer Peter Stoner calculated the probability of one person fulfilling just 8 of the major messianic prophecies by chance. His calculations, reviewed and validated by the American Scientific Affiliation, produced a probability of 1 in 10^17 (one in 100 quadrillion).
To visualize this number, Stoner used the following illustration: cover the entire state of Texas with silver dollars to a depth of two feet. Mark one silver dollar, stir the entire mass, blindfold a person, and have them walk as far as they want and pick up one silver dollar. The chance of picking the marked dollar on the first try is approximately 1 in 10^17.
The eight prophecies Stoner used were deliberately conservative and unambiguous: born in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2), preceded by a messenger (Malachi 3:1), entering Jerusalem on a donkey (Zechariah 9:9), betrayed by a friend (Psalm 41:9), sold for 30 pieces of silver (Zechariah 11:12), the money thrown in the temple and used for a potter's field (Zechariah 11:13), silent before accusers (Isaiah 53:7), and crucified with hands and feet pierced (Psalm 22:16).
When Stoner expanded the analysis to 48 prophecies, the probability dropped to 1 in 10^157 — a number so large it exceeds the estimated number of atoms in the observable universe (approximately 10^80).